Topics
Introducing Biology
- Growth of Biology
- Branches of Biology
- Applied Biology
- Study of Biology Helps Us in Many Ways
- Study of Biology Helps Us in Many Ways
Basic Biology
Cell : the Unit of Life
- Cell: Structural and Functional Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Cell Theory
- Organisms Show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Cell Organelles
- Structure of the Cell > Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane
- Structure of the Cell > Cell Wall: “Supporter and Protector”
- Structure of the Cell > Cytoplasm: “Area of Movement”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Ribosomes - "The sites of protein synthesis"
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Golgi Apparatus - "The delivery system of the cell"
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Centrosome and Centrioles
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusion
- Structure of the Cell > Nucleus: “Brain” of the Cell
- Plant Cell Vs Animal Cell
- Protoplasm
- Every Activity of a Living Organism is the Outcome of Cellular Activity
Tissues : Plant and Animal Tissues
- Tissues - “The Teams of Workers”
- Plant Tissues
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Protective Tissue
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissues
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
Flowering Plants
The Flower
Pollination and Fertilization
- Self-pollination
- Cross-pollination
- Artificial Pollination
- Fertilization in Plants
Plant Physiology
Seeds - Structure and Germination
- Classification of Seeds
- Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed
- Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed
- Some Experiments on Germination
- Germination in Some Common Seeds
- The Seedling
Respiration in Plants
- Glycolysis
- Electron Transport System (Ets) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Phases of Respiration: Pyruvate Oxidation (Link Reaction)
- Fermentation
- Production of ATP
- Respiration Vs. Burning (Combustion)
- Respiration in Plant
- Experiments on Respiration in Plants
- Respiration and Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Animals
Diversity in Living Organisms / Eco Systems
Five Kingdom Classification
- Introduction of Biological Classification
- Concept of Species
- Two Kingdom Classification
- Three Kingdom Classification
- Four Kingdom Classification
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Differences Between Plantae (Plants) and Animalia (Animals)
- Sub-division Algae
- Cryptogams > Division II- Bryophytes
- Cryptogams > Division III- Pteridophytes
- Phanerogams > Division I-Gymnosperms
- Phanerogams > Division II- Angiosperms
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Invertebrate: Phylum Nematoda
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Nomenclature
- Taxonomy and Systematics
Economic Importance of Bacteria and Fungi
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Nutrition
- Nutrients and Nutrition
- Food and Its Types
- Component of Food
- Carbohydrates
- Fats (Lipids)
- Proteins
- Component of Food: Minerals
- Vitamin and Minerals
- Water
- A Balanced Diet
- Deficiency Diseases
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Carbohydrates
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Fats
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Proteins
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Vitamin
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Minerals
Digestive System
- Need for Digestive System
- Human Digestive System
- The Teeth and Its Structure
- The Salivary Glands
- Swallowing and Peristalsis
- The Food Pipe/Oesophagus
- The Stomach
- The Small Intestine
- Absorption of Food
- The Large Intestine
- Assimilation of Food
- Human Digestive System
- Experiments on Digestion
- Test for Carbohydrates/Starch
- Test for Protein
- Test for Fats
Skeleton - Movement and Locomotion
Skin - "The Jack of All Trades"
- The Skin
- Structure of the Skin
- The Skin Proper
- Derivation of the Skin
- Skin and Heat Regulation of Body
The Respiratory System
- Production of ATP
- Parts of Respiration
- Capacities of the Lungs
- Inspired Air Vs. Expired Air
- Hypoxia and Asphyxiation
- Experiments on Breathing and Respiration
Health and Hygiene
Hygiene - [A Key to Healthy Life]
- Hygiene
- Types of Hygiene: Personal Hygiene
- Types of Hygiene: Public Hygiene (Community)
- Vector Borne Diseases
- Control of Disease Carriers (Vectors)
- Contamination of Water and Water Borne Diseases
- Waterborne Diseases Caused by Bacteria
- Waterborne Diseases Caused by Virus
- Protozoan Diseases
- Health
Diseases : Cause and Control
Aids to Health
- Types of Hygiene: Personal Hygiene
- Types of Hygiene: Public Hygiene (Community)
- Immunity
- Defence System in Our Body: Local Defence System
- Antiseptics and Disinfectants
- Antibiotics
- Sulphonamide Group of Medicines
Health Organisation
- Common Health Problems in India
- Categories of Health Organisation
- International Bodies: Red Cross
- International Bodies: WHO (World Health Organisation)
Waste Generation and Management
- Waste and Its Categories
- Methods of Safe Disposal of Waste
Vegetative Propagation
Biotechnology Applications
Estimated time: 11 minutes
Maharashtra State Board: Class 6
Axial Skeleton:
| Part of the Axial Skeleton | Description | Number of Bones | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skull | Made up of the bones of the head and face. The bones are flat and strong. Only the lower jaw can move. | 22 bones total: 8 in the head, 14 in the face | Protects the brain, eyes, and ears. |
| Rib Cage | Cage-like structure in the chest, made of one sternum and 12 pairs of ribs. Connected to the spine at the back. | 25 bones total: 1 sternum, 12 pairs of ribs | Protects the heart and lungs. |
|
Spine (Backbone/Vertebral Column) |
Made up of vertebrae stacked one above the other, making the spine flexible. The vertebrae protect the spinal cord, which is connected to the brain. | 33 bones (vertebrae) | Protects the spinal cord, which sends signals from the brain to the rest of the body. |
Skull, rib cage and spinal column
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Axial Skeleton
- The axial skeleton has 80 bones and forms the main axis of the body (head and trunk).
- It includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum.
- Skull has 22 bones → 8 cranial (protect the brain) and 14 facial (form the face); also includes the hyoid bone and ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes).
- The vertebral column has 26 vertebrae and protects the spinal cord; the first vertebra is the atlas.
- The vertebral column is divided into cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (1 fused) and coccygeal (1 fused) regions.
- Ribs are 12 pairs → 7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, and 2 floating ribs.
- The rib cage (ribs + sternum + thoracic vertebrae) protects vital organs like the heart and lungs.
