Topics
Heredity and Evolution
- Heredity
- Protein Synthesis
- Transcription
- Translation
- Translocation
- Mutations
- Evolution
- Evidence of Evolution > Morphological Evidences
- Evidence of Evolution > Anatomical Evidences
- Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection (Darwinism)
- Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution (Lamarckism)
- Speciation
- Human Ancestors
- Homo Sapiens Sapiens (Modern Man)
Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1
- Life Processes in Living Organisms
- Living Organisms and Energy Production
- Phases of Respiration: Glycolysis
- Phases of Respiration: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Phases of Respiration: Electron Transport Chain (Electron Transfer System)
- Production of ATP
- Cellular Respiration
- Energy From Different Food Components
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Mitosis > Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)
- Mitosis > Cytokinesis (Division of Cytoplasm)
- Significance of Mitosis
- Meiosis: Reduction Division
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis I
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis II
- Significance of Meiosis
- Mitosis Vs Meiosis
Life Processes in Living Organisms Part - 2
Environmental Management
Towards Green Energy
- Energy and Use of Energy
- Generation of Electrical Energy
- Power Plants Based on Nuclear Energy
- Power Plant Based on Thermal Energy
- Power Plants Based on Natural Gas
- Electric Energy Generation and Environment
- Electricity Generation using Hydroelectric Energy
- Electricity Generation using Wind Energy
- Electricity Generation using Solar Energy
- Solar Photovoltaic Cell
- Solar Thermal Power Plant
Animal Classification
- Classification of Living Organisms
- History of Animal Classification
- Traditional Method of Animal Classification
- Conventional System of Animal Classification
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Grades of Organization
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Body Symmetry
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Germ Layers
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Body cavity (Coelom)
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Body Segmentation
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Phylum: Aschelminthes
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Phylum: Hemichordata
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Urochordata
- Subphylum: Cephalochordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Cyclostomata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Pisces
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Amphibia
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Reptilia
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Aves
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Mammalia
Introduction to Microbiology
Cell Biology and Biotechnology
- Cell Biology (Cytology)
- Stem Cells
- Stem Cell Research
- Organ Transplantation
- Organ and Body Donation
- Biotechnology
- Crop Biotechnology > Hybrid Seeds
- Crop Biotechnology > Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Crop Biotechnology > Biofertilizers
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Human Health
- Vaccines and Vaccination
- Edible Vaccines
- Treatment
- Interferons
- Gene Therapy
- Cloning
- Industrial Products/White Biotechnology
- Environment and Biotechnology
- Food Biotechnology
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Green Revolution
- White Revolution
- Blue Revolution
- Fertilizers
- Insecticides
- Types of Farming in India > Organic Farming
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Apiculture (Bee Farming)
- Cultivation of Medicinal Plants
- Processing and Preservation of Fruits
Social Health
Disaster Management
Life's Internal Secrets
- Autotrophic Plants
- Heterotrophic Plants
- Human Digestive System
- Nutrition in Plants
- Transport
The Regulators of Life
The Life Cycle
Mapping Our Genes
Understanding Metals and Non-Metals
Striving for Better Environment 2
- Use of Efficient and Eco-friendly Technology
- Sustainable Use of Resources
- Enforcement of Acts, Laws and Policies
Amazing World of Carbon Compounds
- Definition: Antibiotics
Maharashtra State Board: Class 9
Antibiotics and Their Mechanisms
Antibiotics are compounds derived from certain bacteria and fungi that are used to destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms. These compounds have been groundbreaking discoveries of the 20th century, revolutionising medicine and saving countless lives. Antibiotics primarily target bacteria, but some are also effective against protozoa and other microorganisms.
Antibiotics work by interfering with essential biological processes in microorganisms, such as:
- Cell Wall Synthesis: Inhibiting the formation of bacterial cell walls (e.g., penicillin).
- Protein Synthesis: blocking the production of proteins essential for bacterial survival (e.g., tetracycline).
- DNA Replication: Disrupting bacterial DNA synthesis (e.g., Ciprofloxacin).
- Cell Membrane Integrity: Damaging the bacterial cell membrane, leading to death (e.g., polymyxins).
Maharashtra State Board: Class 9
Types of Antibiotics:
| Category | Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics | Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics |
| Description | Act against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Effective when the pathogen causing the disease is unknown. | Target specific types of bacteria, minimising harm to beneficial bacteria. They are used when the specific pathogen is identified. |
| Examples | Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, and Chloramphenicol | Penicillin, Gentamicin, and Erythromycin |
| Applications | Treat pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and sepsis when the causative bacteria are unknown. | Treat strep throat, syphilis, and bacterial endocarditis. |
Maharashtra State Board: Class 9
Antibiotic Resistance:
Misuse of antibiotics, such as taking them without a prescription or not completing the prescribed course, can lead to antibiotic resistance. Resistant bacteria survive and multiply, making infections harder to treat and increasing the need for newer antibiotics.
Examples of resistant bacteria include Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
Maharashtra State Board: Class 9
Modern Applications of Antibiotics:
- To prevent bacterial infections during and after surgical procedures.
- Antibiotics are effective against bacterial diseases like tuberculosis, leprosy, and pneumonia.
- It is used in livestock farming to prevent infections, though overuse is discouraged due to resistance risks.
- Some antibiotics, like Dactinomycin, are used in cancer chemotherapy for their ability to inhibit cell growth.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10
Definition: Antibiotics
Carbon compounds obtained from certain bacteria and fungi that destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms and are used in the treatment of infectious diseases is called antibiotics.
