Topics
Force, Work, Power and Energy
Force
- Introduction to Effects of Force
- Translational and Rotational Motions
- Turning Forces On Rigid Bodies
- Moment (Turning Effect) of a Force or Torque
- Principle of Moments
- Couple
- Examples of Couple in Everyday Life
- Equilibrium of Bodies
- Centre of Gravity
- Conditions of Equilibrium
- Equilibrium and Stability
- States of Equilibrium
- Centre of Gravity and Stability
- Conditions for Stable Equilibrium
- Practical Examples of Stability and Centre of Gravity
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Centripetal Force
- Centrifugal Forces
Work, Energy and Power
- Concept of Work
- Measurement of Work
- Expression for Work (W = F S cosθ)
- Examples of No Work Being Done
- Work Done Against Gravity
- Concept of Energy
- Concept of Power
- Mechanical Energy > Kinetic Energy (K)
- Expression for Kinetic Energy
- Rotational, Translational and Vibrational Kinetic Energy
- Mechanical Energy > Potential Energy (U)
- Expression for Potential Energy
- Interconnection of Kinetic and Potential Energies
- Principle of Conservation of Energy
- Work Energy Theorem
- Conservation of Energy In Case of a Freely Falling Body
- Forms of Energy > Solar Energy
- Forms of Energy > Mechanical Energy
- Forms of Energy > Heat Energy
- Forms of Energy > Light Energy
- Forms of Energy > Sound Energy
- Forms of Energy > Magnetic Energy
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Forms of Energy > Chemical Energy
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Forms of Energy > Hydro Energy
- Forms of Energy > Geo Thermal Energy
- Forms of Energy > Wind Energy
- Dissipation of Energy
- Examples of Inte-Conversion of Energy
- Conversion of Energies
- Application of the Principle of Conservation of Energy
Light
Sound
Machines
- Concept of Machines
- Technical Terms Related to a Machine
- Principle of a Machine
- Efficiency, Mechanical Advantage, and Velocity Ratio
- Levers
- Types of Levers
- Pulley
- Single Fixed Pulley
- A Single Movable Pulley
- Single Pulley vs Single Movable Pulley
- Combination of Pulleys
- Using one fixed pulley and other movable pulleys
- Using several pulleys in two blocks (block and tackle system)
Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces
- Light: Reflection and Refraction
- Refraction of Light
- Causes of Refraction
- Velocity of Light and Refractive Index
- Laws of Refraction
- Factors Affecting Refractive Index of a Medium
- Verification of Laws of Refraction
- Refraction and Reflection in a Glass Slab
- Principle of Reversibility of Light
- Refractive Index of a Glass Slab
- Examples Showing Effects of Refraction
- Critical Angle
- Total Internal Reflection
- Factors Affecting The Critical Angle
- Essential Connditions for Total Internal Reflection
- Relation Between Refractive Index and Critical Angle
- Consequences of Total Internal Reflection
- Mutliple Images in a Thick Mirror
- Refraction of Light Through a Glass Prism
- Factors Affecting the Angle of Deviation
- Total Internal Reflection in a Prism
- Total Internal Reflection vs. Plane Mirror Reflection
- Lateral Displacement
- Real and Apparent Depth
- Simple Effects of Refraction
- Application of Total Internal Reflection
- Prism
- Apparent Bending of a Stick Under Water
- Consequences of Refraction of Light
Electricity and Magnetism
Heat
Refraction Through a Lens
- Concept of Lenses
- Lens - Slab and Prism
- Some Definitions Related to Lens
- Image Formation by Lenses
- Power of a Lens
- Magnifying Glass Or Simple Microscope
- Application of Lenses
- First Focal Point and First Focal Length
- Second Focal point and Second Focal Length
- Rules for Geometric Construction of Images for Lenses
- Geometric Construction of Images in Convex Lens
- Geometric Construction of Images in Concave Lens
- Convex Lens vs Concave Lens
- Sign Convention for Lenses
- Lens Formula and Magnification
- Determination of the Focal Length of a Convex Lens by a Plane Mirror Method
- Refraction of Light Through an Equi-Convex Lens and an Equi-Concave Lens
Spectrum
- Deviation Produced by a Triangular Prism
- Colour in White Light with Their Wavelength and Frequency Range
- Dispersion of Light Through a Prism
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Properties and Uses of Different Radiations of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Distinction between Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Radiations
- Scattering of Light-Rayleigh's Law
- Applications of Scattering of Light
Modern Physics
Sound
- Sound Waves
- Light Waves vs Sound Waves
- Reflection of Sound Waves
- Echo
- Determination of Speed of Sound by the Method of Echo
- Use of Echoes
- Natural Vibrations
- Damped Vibrations
- Natural Vibrations vs Damped Vibrations
- Forced Vibrations
- Natural Vibrations vs Forced Vibrations
- Resonance (a special case of forced vibrations)
- Demonstration of Resonance
- Forced Vibrations vs Resonant Vibrations
- Examples of Resonance
- Characteristics of Sound
- Loudness and Intensity
- Pitch and frequency
- Quality and Wave Form
- Music and Noise
Current Electricity
- Electric Charges
- Electric Current
- Potential Difference
- Electric Resistance
- Ohm's Law
- Experimental Verification of Ohm’s Law and Ohmic Resistors
- Ohmic and Non-ohmic Resistors
- Specific Resistance or Electrical Resistivity
- Choice of Material of a Wire
- Superconductors
- Electromotive Force of a Cell
- Terminal Voltage of a Cell
- Internal Resistance of a Cell
- Resistance of a System of Resistors
- Resistors in Series
- Resistors in Parallel
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Measurement of Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy
- Power Rating of Common Electrical Appliances
- Household Consumption of Electric Energy
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
Household Circuits
- Transmission of Power from the Power Generating Station to the Consumer
- Power Distribution to a House
- House Wiring (Ring System)
- Fuse
- Reason for connecting the fuse in the live wire
- Current Rating of a Fuse
- Switches
- Circuits with Dual Control Switches (Staircase Wire)
- Earthing
- Three-pin Plug and Socket
- Colour Coding of Wires in a Cable
- High Tension Wires
- Precautions to Be Taken While Using Electricity
Electro-Magnetism
- Oersted's Experiment
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Current-carrying Conductor of Finite Size
- Right-hand Thumb Rule
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Axis of a Circular Current-carrying Loop
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Solenoid
- Electromagnet
- Permanent Magnet
- Comparison of an Electro Magnet with a Permanent Magnet
- Advantages of an Electromagnet over a Permanent Magnet
- Uses of Electromagnet
- Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor Placed in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Simple D.C. Motor
- Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction
- Electromagnetic Induction: Experimental Demonstration
- Faraday's Explanation
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Alternating-Current Generator
- Frequency of an a.c. in Household Supplies
- Comparison Between A.C. Generator and D.C. Motor
- Transformers
Calorimetry
- Heat
- The Temperature and a Thermometer
- Factors Affecting the Quantity of Heat Absorbed to Increase the Temperature of a Body
- Heat vs Temperature
- Thermal or Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Heat Capacity vs Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity of Some Common Substances
- Calorimetry
- Principle of Method of Mixtures or Principle of Calorimetry
- Natural Phenomena and Consequences of High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- Examples of High and Low Heat Capacity
- Change of State
- Melting and Freezing
- Melting Point and Its Effects
- Vaporisation or Boiling
- Boiling Point and Its Effects
- Latent Heat
- Specific Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
- Explanation of Latent Heat of Melting based on Kinetic Model
- Natural Consequences of High Specific Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
Radioactivity
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
- Atomic Models
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Isotones
- Radioactivity
- Radioactivity as emission of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiations
- Properties of Alpha Particles
- Properties of Beta Particles
- Properties of Gamma Radiations
- Distinction between the Properties of α, β, and γ Radiations
- Changes Within the Nucleus in Alpha, Beta and Gamma Emission
- Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
- Sources of Harmful Radiations
- Harmful Effects of Radiation
- Safety Precautions While Using Nuclear Energy
- Background Radiations
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Fission
- Differences Between Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Fusion
- Difference between Nuclear Fusion and Neclear Fission
Estimated time: 3 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Difference between Nuclear Fusion and Neclear Fission
| Aspect | Nuclear Fusion | Nuclear Fission |
|---|---|---|
| Energy Source | Sun and stars | Nuclear reactors and atomic bombs |
| Fuel Used | Deuterium and tritium (H isotopes) | Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239 |
| Energy Released | Higher per nucleon | High, but lower than fusion |
| By-product | Helium nucleus, neutrons (harmless) | Radioactive waste, multiple fission products |
| Conditions Required | Extremely high temperature & pressure | Moderate temp, pressure + critical mass |
| Chain Reaction | Not typically | Sustained chain reaction possible |
| Applications | Future clean energy (e.g., ITER) | Nuclear power plants, atomic weapons |
| Environmental Impact | Low if controlled | Highly radioactive waste |
| Efficiency & Waste | High efficiency, minimal long-lived waste | Generates significant radioactive waste |
