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Prove that the Function F : N → N, Defined by F(X) = X2 + X + 1, is One-one but Not onto

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Question

Prove that the function f : N → N, defined by f(x) = x2 + x + 1, is one-one but not onto

Sum
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Solution

f : N → N, defined by f(x) = x2 + x + 1

Injectivity:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (N), such that f(x) = f(y). 

⇒ `x^2 + x +1 = y^2 + y +1`

⇒ `(x^2 - y^2 ) + (x - y ) = 0 `

⇒ (x +y) (x- y ) + (x-y ) = 0

⇒ ( x - y) ( x + y + 1) = 0 

⇒ x - y = 0 [ x + y + 1 can not be zero because x and y are natural numbers 

⇒ x =y

So, f is one-one.

Surjectivity: 

when x = 1

`x^2 + x +1 = 1 +1 +1 = 3`

⇒ x + x +1 ≥ 3 , for every x in N.

f(x) will not assume the values 1 and 2. 

So, F is not onto.

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