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Question
Let f : [−1, ∞) → [−1, ∞) be given by f(x) = (x + 1)2 − 1, x ≥ −1. Show that f is invertible. Also, find the set S = {x : f(x) = f−1 (x)}.
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Solution
Injectivity : Let x and y ∈ [−1, ∞), such that
f (x) = f (y)
⇒ (x + 1)2 − 1 = (y+1)2 −1
⇒ ( x + 1)2 = (y + 1)2
⇒ (x + 1) = (y + 1)
⇒ x = y
So, f is a injection .
Surjectivity : Let y ∈ [ −1, ∞ ).
Then, f (x) = y
⇒ (x+1)2 −1 = y
⇒ `x +1 = sqrt (y +1)`
⇒ `x = sqrt(y + 1) -1`
Clearly, `x = sqrt(y + 1) - 1` is real for all y ≥ -1 .
Thus, every element y ∈ [−1, ∞) has its pre − image x ∈ [−1, ∞) given by x= `sqrt(y+1) -1`.
⇒f is a surjection.
So, f is a bijection.
Hence, f is invertible.
Let f−1 (x) =y ...(1)
⇒f (y) = x
⇒ ( y + 1)2 −1 = x
⇒ ( y + 1)2 = x + 1
⇒ `y+ 1 = sqrt(x +1)`
⇒ `y = ± sqrt (x - 1) - 1`
⇒ `f^-1 (x) = ± sqrt(x +1) - 1` [from (1)]
f (x) = f−1 (x)
⇒ `(x + 1) ^2 -1 = ± sqrt(x +1) -1`
⇒ `(x +1 ) ^2 = ±sqrt(x +1)`
⇒ `(x +1)^4 = x +1`
⇒ `(x+1) [(x+1)^3 - 1] = 0`
⇒ x + 1 = 0 or (x +1) 3− = 0
⇒ x = −1 or ( x +1)3 = 1
⇒ x = −1 or x + 1= 1
⇒ x = −1 or x = 0
⇒ S = { 0, −1 }
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