Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 10 Science Syllabus - Free PDF Download
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2025-26 Class 10: The Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 10 Science Syllabus for the examination year 2025-26 has been released by the Tamil Nadu Board, Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2025-26 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 10 Science Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 10 Science Syllabus for 2025-26 is below.
Academic year:
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 10 Science Revised Syllabus
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 10 Science Course Structure 2025-26 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
1 Laws of Motion
- Force and Motion
- Force
- Definition: Force
- Formula: Force
- Key Points: Force
- Inertia and Mass
- Combined Forces
- Inertia and Mass
- Activity
- Types of Inertia
- Linear Momentum
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Balanced and Unbalanced Force
- Cause of Change in Motion
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Experiment
- Summary
- Newton’s Second Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Understanding the Law
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Second law of Motion
- Activity A
- Activity B
- Real-Life Examples
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Law's Concequesnces
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Examples
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Translational and Rotational Motions
- Definition: Transitional Motion
- Definition: Rotational Motion
- Moment (Turning Effect) of a Force or Torque
- Definition: Torque
- Formula: Torque or Moment of Force
- Key Points: Moment (Turning Effect) of a Force or Torque
- Principle of Moments
- Law: Principle of Moments
- Couple
- Definition: Couple
- Definition: Couple Arm
- Formula: Moment of Couple
- Impulse of a Force
- Introduction
- Definition: Impulse of a Force
- Relationship between Force and Momentum Change (Impulse)
- Collision Related Concepts
- Conservation of Linear Momentum and Its Principle
- Law of Conservation of Momentum
- Principle and Application
- Rocket Propulsion
- Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Definition: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Formula: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Key Points: Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Characteristics
- Relationship to the Acceleration of the Moon
- Generalisation to Force
- Force Due to the Collection of Masses
- Special Cases for Extended Objects
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Acceleration Due to Gravity (Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration)
- Introduction
- Definition: Acceleration Due to Gravity
- Formula: Acceleration Due to Gravity
- Characteristics
- Derivation and Calculation
- Change along the Surface of the Earth
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Mass and Weight
- Definition: Mass
- Definition: Weight
- Apparent Weight
2 Optics
- Climatic Factors > Light
- Refraction of Light
- Definition: Refraction
- Definition: Refracted Light
- Definition: Refraction of Light
- Key Points: Refraction of Light
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Laws of Reflection
- Experiment
- Prism
- Definition: Prism
- Dispersion of Light
- Definition: Dispersion
- Definition: Spectrum
- Key Points: Dispersion of Light
- Scattering of Light
- Definition: Scattering of Light
- Key Points: Scattering of Light
- Concept of Lenses
- Definition: Lens
- Definition: Converging Lens or Convex Lens
- Definition: Diverging Lens or Concave Lens
- Key Points: Concepts of Lenses
- Definition: Centre of Curvature
- Definition: Radius of Curvature
- Definition: Principal Axis
- Definition: Optical Centre
- Definition: Principal Focus
- Definition: Focal Length
- Spherical Lens
- Introduction
- Basic Lens Terminology
- Principal Focus (F) and Focal Length (f)
- Experiment
- Position and Nature of Image Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- Technical Terms Related to a Lens
- Definition: Centre of Curvature
- Definition: Radius of Curvature
- Definition: Principal Axis
- Definition: Optic Centre
- Definition: First Focal Point for Convex Lens
- Definition: First Focal Point for Concave Lens
- Definition: Second Focal Point for Convex Lens
- Definition: Second Focal Point for Concave Lens
- Definition: Focal Plane
- Definition: First Focal Plane
- Definition: Second Focal Plane
- Definition: Focal Length of a Lens
- Definition: First Focal Length
- Definition: Second Focal Length
- Convex Lens
- Introduction
- Applications
- Activity
- Images Formed by Convex Lenses
- Key Points: Characteristics and Location of Images for a Convex Lens
- Concave Lens
- Introduction
- Applications
- Images Formed by Concave Lenses
- Key Point: Characteristics and Location of Images for a Concave Lens
- Lens Formula
- Formula: lens Formula
- Formula: Lens Magnification
- Sign Convention
- Key Points: Sign Convention
- Magnification
- Lens Maker's Formula
- Power of a Lens
- Definition: Power of a Lens
- Formula: Power of a Lens
- The Human Eye
- Key Points: The Human Eye
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Myopia
- Key Points: Myopia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Hypermetropia
- Key Points: Hypermetropia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Presbyopia
- Key Points: Presbyopia
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Astigmatism
- Microscope and it’s types
- Visual angle
- Microscopes
- Basic types of microscopes
1) Simple Microscope
2) Compound Microscope
- Fundamentals of Telescope
- Introduction
- Working
- Function
- Types of Telescope: Optical Telescope
- Optical Telescopes
- Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes
- Types of Reflecting Telescopes
- Types of Telescope: Radio Telescope
- Types of Telescope: Telescopes Used in Space
- Introduction
- The Role of Space Telescopes
3 Thermal Physics
- Heat
- Introduction
- Units of Heat
- The Temperature and a Thermometer
- Introduction
- Unit of Temperature
- Experiment: 1
- Experiment: 2
- Scales of Thermometers
- Fahrenheit scale
- Celsius temperature scale
- Kelvin scale (Absolute scale)
- Relationship between the three scales of temperature
- Conversion of Temperature from celsius scale to kelvin scale and vice-versa
- Flow of Heat
- Transfer of Heat
- Thermal Expansion
- Definition: Thermal Expansion
- Classification of Thermal Expansion
- Expansion of Solids
- Introduction
- Linear Expansion
- Areal Expansion
- Volumetric Expansion
- Expansion of Liquids
- Introduction
- Volumetric Expansion
- Anomalous Behavior of Water
- Expansion of Gases
- Introduction
- Effect of Heat on Gases
- Measuring Expansion of Gases
- Fundamental Laws of Gases
- Pressure and Volume Relationship or Bolye's Law
- Boyle's law
- Mathematical expression of Boyle's law
- Graphical verification of Boyle's law
- Explanation of Boyle's law in terms of molecular motion (kinetic theory).
- Significance of Boyle's Law
- Experiment of Pressure and Volume relationship in gases
- Temperature - Volume Relationship or Charles's Law
- Charle's Law
- Mathematical expression of Charles's Law
- Graphical representation of Charle's law
- Significance of Charle's Law
- Pressure and Volume Relationship or Bolye's Law
- Avogadro's Law
- Definition: Atom
- Definition: Molecule
- Definition: Avogadro's Law
- Gases and Its Characteristics
- Gases
- Behaviour and characteristic properties of gases
- Composition of gases
- Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape
- Gases exert pressure in all directions
- Gases are highly compressible
- Gases are highly expansible
- Gases have low density
- Gases have a natural tendency to mix with one another (diffusion)
- Gases can be liquefied
- Classification of Gases: Real Gases and Ideal Gases
- Gas Equation
4 Electricity
- Electricity
- Electric Current
- Definition: Current
- Definition: Electric Current
- Key Points: Electric Current
- Electric Circuit
- Key Points: Electric Circuit
- Symbols and Functions of Various Components of an Electric Circuits
- Components of Electric Circuits
- Experiment
- Potential and Potential Difference
- Introduction
- Definition: Potential at a Point
- Definition: Potential Difference
- Formula: Electric Potential at a Point
- Formula: Potential Difference
- Key Points: Potential and Potential Difference
- Ohm's Law
- Definition: Conductance
- Law: Ohm's Law
- Electric Resistance
- Definition: Electric Resistance
- Key Points: Electric Resistance
- Specific Resistance
- Definition: Specific Resistance
- Definition: Conductivity
- Key Points: Specific Resistance
- Resistance of a System of Resistors
- Resistors in Series
- Key Points: Series Combination of Resistors
- Resistors in Parallel
- Key Points: Parallel Combination of Resistors
- Series Connection of Parallel Resistors
- Parallel Connection of Series Resistors
- Resistors in Series
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Definition: Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Key Points: Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Joule’s Law of Heating
- Electrical Power
- Definition: Electric Power
- Formula: Electric Power
- Key Points: Electric Power
- Household Electrical Circuits
- Earthing
- Local Earthing
- Earthing of an Appliance
- Safety by Earthing of an Appliance
- Led Bulb
- Led Television
5 Acoustics
- Sound Waves
- Definition: Audible Range of Frequency
- Definition: Ultrasonic
- Definition: Infrasonic
- Definition: Amplitude of the Wave
- Definition: Time Period of the Wave
- Definition: Frequency of the Wave
- Definition: Wavelength
- Definition: Wave Velocity
- Definition: Longitudinal Wave
- Definition: Transverse Wave
- Light Waves vs Sound Waves
- Characteristics of Sound
- Audibility and Range
- Audibility and Range
- Bats and Their Navigation Mechanism
- Experiment
- Uses of Different Types of Sound
- Audibility and Range
- Speed of Sound (Velocity of Sound)
- Introduction
- Activity
- The Speed of Travelling Waves
- Factors Affecting Speed of Sound
- Relationship Between Specific Heats
- Effect of pressure on velocity of sound
- Effect of temperature on speed of sound
- Effect of humidity on speed of sound
- Factors Affecting Speed of Sound
- Speed of Sound in Different Media
- Introduction
- Speed of Sound in Gases
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Laws of Reflection
- Experiment
- Reflection of Sound Waves
- Definition: Reflection of Sound Waves
- Echo
- Definition: Echo
- Application of Reflection of Sound
- Doppler Effect
- Origin of Doppler Effect
- Unsafe Listening Habits
- Expression for Apparent Frequency Due to Doppler Effect
- Applications of Doppler Effect
6 Nuclear Physics
- Radioactivity
- Introduction
- Becquerel Rays
- Radioactivity is a Nuclear Phenomenon
- Discovery of Radioactivity
- Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radioactivity
- Types of Radioactivity
- Natural Radioactivity
- Artificial (or) Induced Radioactivity
- Radioactivity as emission of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiations
- Explanation
- Properties of Alpha Particles
- Properties of Beta Particles
- Properties of Gamma Radiations
- Changes Within the Nucleus in Alpha, Beta and Gamma Emission
- Introduction
- Alpha Emission
- Beta Emission
- Gamma Emission
- Examples
- Alpha Decay (Alpha Emission)
- Beta Decay (Beta Emission)
- Gamma Decay (Gamma Emission)
- Nuclear Fission
- Definition: Nuclear Fission
- Explanation
- Calculation of Energy Released in One Fission
- Controlled and Uncontrolled Chain Reactions
- Nuclear Fusion
- Definition: Nuclear Vision
- Example
- Other Example of Fusion Reaction
- Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
- Introduction
- Medical Use
- Scientific Use
- Industrial Use
- Nuclear Reactor
- Introduction of Nuclear Reactor
- Components of a Nuclear Reactor
- Heat Removal and Energy Conversion
- Safety Precautions While Using Nuclear Energy
- Introduction
- Safety Measures while Establishing a Nuclear Power Plant
- Safety Measures while Handling Radioactive Materials
- Safety Measures in Safe Disposal of Nuclear Waste
- Power Plants Based on Nuclear Energy
- Key Points: Power Plants Based on Nuclear Energy
7 Atoms and Molecules
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Introduction of Atom
- Discovery of Charged Particles and the Structure of an Atom
- Atomic Mass
- Introduction of Atomic Mass
- Properties of Mass Number
- Determination of Relative Atomic Mass
- Molecules
- Molecule
- Properties of molecule
- Classification of Molecules
- Molecular Mass
- Difference Between Atoms and Molecules
- Mole Concept
- Definition: Mole
- Definition: Avogadro's Number
- Percentage Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formula
- Percentage composition
- Chemical formula
1) Empirical formula
2) Molecular formula - Steps involved in determining the empirical formula
- Steps for determination of the molecular formula of a compound
- Avogadro's Law
- Definition: Atom
- Definition: Molecule
- Definition: Avogadro's Law
- Vapour Density and Its Relation to Relative Molecular Mass
- Definition: Relative Vapour Density
- Definition: Molar Volume
- Formula: Relative Vapour Density
- Formula: Mole in Terms of Volume
8 Periodic Classification of Elements
- Classification of Elements
- Key Points: Classification of Elements
- Modern Periodic Law
- Definition: Modern Periodic Law
- Law: Modern Periodic Law
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Definition: Elements
- Definition: Modern Periodic Table
- Key Points: Modern Periodic Table
- Periods and Electronic Configuration
- Key Points: Period and Electronic Configuration
- Ionic Radii
- Electronegativity
- Periodic Properties
- Atomic Size
- Definition: Atomic Size
- Key Points: Atomic Size
- Ionisation Potential (Ionisation Energy)
- Definition: Ionisation Energy
- Key Points: Ionisation Potential
- Electron Affinity
- Definition: Electron Affinity
- Key Points: Electron Affinity
- Atomic Size
- Metallurgy
- Definition: Metallurgy
- Key Points: Metallurgy
- Types of Separation or Concentration of an Ore
- Pulverization
- Concentration of an ore
- Types of separation or concentration of an ore
- Hydraulic (gravity separation) method or Levigation method
- Magnetic separation method
- Froth floatation
- Chemical method or Leaching
- Wilfley table method
- Occurrence of Ores in Tamil Nadu
- Earth and Elements
- Metallurgy of Aluminium
- Aluminium
- Physical Properties of Aluminium
- Chemical Properties of Aluminium
- Uses of Aluminium
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Extraction of Metals
- Key Points: Extraction of Metals
- Metallurgy of Copper
- Extraction of Copper
- Metallurgy of Iron
- Extraction of Iron
- Alloy
- Definition: Alloy
- Definition: Fusible Alloy
- Definition: Alloy Steel
- Definition: Amalgam
- Definition: Dental Amalgam
- Methods of Making Alloys
- Corrosion of Metals
- Definition: Corrosion
- Pamban Bridge
9 Solutions
- Introduction to Solutions
- Composition of a Solution
- Mass Percentage or Percentage by Mass (w/w) and Volume Percentage or Percentage by Volume (v/v)
- Grams Per Litre (g/L) and Molarity (M)
- Formality (F) and Molality (m)
- Normality (N) and Mole Fraction (χ)
- Parts per Million (ppm)
- Examples
- Types of Solutions
- Solubility
- Solubility
- Factors affecting solubility
- Nature of the solute and solvent
- Effect of Temperature
- Effect of Pressure
- Solubility curves can be used
- Determination of the solubility of a solute at a particular temperature
- Effect of pressure and temperature on solubility of gases in water (liquids)
- Concentration of a Solution
- Reactions in solutions
- Mass percentage
- Mole fraction
- Molarity
- Molality
- Volume percentage
- Hydrated and Anhydrous Substances
- Efflorescence, Hygroscopic, and Deliquescence Substances
- Efflorescence
- Deliquescence
- Hygroscopy
- Problems Based on Solubility and Percentage by Mass and Volume
10 Types of Chemical Reactions
- Chemical Reaction
- Definition: Chemical Change
- Definition: Reactants
- Definition: Products
- Effects of Chemical Changes: Biological Effects
- Effects of Chemical Changes: Environmental Effects
- Chemical Equations
- Definition: Chemical Equation
- Key Points: Chemical Equations
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Key Points: Balancing Chemical Equations
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Combination Reaction
- Definition: Combination Reaction
- Chemical Equations: Combination Reaction
- Key Points: Combination Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Decomposition Reaction
- Definition: Decomposition Reaction
- Definition: Thermal Decomposition
- Key Points: Decomposition Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Single Displacement Reaction
- Definition: Single Displacement Reaction
- Key Points: Single Displacement Reactions
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Double Displacement Reaction
- Definition: Double Displacement Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Combustion
- Key Points: Combustion
- Classification of Change: Reversible and Irreversible Changes
- Rate of Chemical Reaction
- State of Equilibrium
- Ionic Product of Water
- The pH Scale
- Indicators
- Ph Calculation
- Problems on Ph
11 Carbon and Its Compounds
- Carbon: A Versatile Element
- Definition: Tetravalency of Carbon
- Definition: Catenation
- Key Points: Carbon-A Versatile Element
- Classification of Compounds of Carbon
- Organic Compounds of Carbon
- Inorganic Compounds of Carbon
- Comparison between organic and inorganic compounds
- Organic Compounds
- Definition: Organic Compounds
- Key Points: Organic Compounds
- Classification of Organic Compounds Based on the Pattern of Carbon Chain
- Acyclic or Open chain compounds
- Saturated
- Unsaturated
- Cyclic Compounds
- Alicyclic compounds
- Aromatic compounds
- Classification of Organic Compound Based on the Kind of Atoms
- Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes
- Alkenes
- Alkynes
- Chemical Tests to distinguish between Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
- Hydrocarbons
- Definition: Hydrocarbons
- Definition: Saturated Hydrocarbons
- Definition: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
- Definition: Alkanes
- Definition: Alkenes
- Definition: Alkynes
- Key Points: Hydrocarbons
- Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
- Definition: Functional Groups
- Homologous Series
- Definition: Homologous Series
- Key Points: Homologous Series
- Nomenclature
- Definition: Nomenclature
- Key Points: Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
- IUPAC Nomenclature of other classes
- Ethanol
- Key Points: Ethanol
- Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol
- Ethanoic Acid
- Key Points: Ethanoic Acid
- Organic Compounds in Daily Life
- Soap
- Introduction
- Types of Soaps
- Synthetic Detergents
- Experiment
- Detergents
- Detergent and Its Working
- Experiment
- Cleansing Action of Soap
12 Plant Anatomy and Plant Physiology
- Tissues - “The Teams of Workers”
- Introduction
- Differences Between Plant and Animal Tissues
- Tissue System
- Epidermal tissue system
- Ground tissue system
- Vascular tissue system
- Introduction to Tissue System, Types and Characteristics of tissue System
- Internal Structure of Dicot Root (Bean)
- Internal Structure of Monocot Root (Maize)
- Internal Structure of Dicot Stem (Sunflower)
- Internal Structure of Monocot Stem (Maize)
- Internal Structure of Dicot Leaf (Dorsiventral Leaf) Ex. Mango Leaf
- Internal Structure of Monocot Leaf (Isobilateral Leaf) Ex.Grass Leaf
- Cell Organelles
- Plastids
- Key Points: Plastids
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Introduction
- Functions of Mitochondria
- Key Points: Mitochondria
- Plastids
- Concept of Photosynthesis
- Definition: Photosynthesis
- Explanation
- Chlorophyll: The Vital Plant Pigment
- Key Points: Chlorophyll
- Process of Photosynthesis
- Chemical Equation: Photosynthesis
- Key Points: Process of Photosynthesis
- Light-Dependent Phase of Photosynthesis
- Definition: Photolysis
- Definition: Photophosphorylation
- Light-Independent Phase of Photosynthesis
- Definition: Polymerisation
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Cellular Respiration
- Definition: Aerobic Respiration
- Definition: Anaerobic Respiration
- Key Points: Cellular Respiration
- Phases of Respiration: Glycolysis
- Definition: Glycolysis
- Phases of Respiration: Electron Transport System (Ets) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation Steps
- Phases of Respiration: Pyruvate Oxidation (Link Reaction)
- Phases of Respiration: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Definition: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Phases of Respiration: Fermentation
- Fermentation
- Process of Fermentation
- Types of Fermentation
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Alcohol Fermentation
- Acetic acid Fermentation
- Butyric acid Fermentation
- Advantages of Fermentation
- Phases of Respiration: Electron Transport Chain (Electron Transfer System)
- Definition: Electron Transfer Chain Reaction
- Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.)
13 Structural Organisation of Animals
- The Indian Cattle Leech (Hirudinaria Granulosa)
- External Morphology of Leech
- Digestive System of Leech
- Respiratory System of Leech
- Circulatory System of Leech
- Nervous System of Leech
- Excretory System of Leech
- Reproductive System of Leech
- Parasitic Adaptations of Leech
- Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)
- External Morphology of Rabbit
- Coelom (Body Cavity) of Rabbit
- Digestive System of Rabbit
- Respiratory System of Rabbit
- Circulatory System of Rabbit
- Nervous System of Rabbit
- Urinogenital System of Rabbit
14 Transportation in Plants and Circulation in Animals
- Transport System in Plants
- Absorption and Conduction of Water and Minerals
- Diffusion
- Definition: Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Definition: Active Transport
- Osmosis
- Definition: Osmosis
- Imbibition
- Definition: lmbibition
- Diffusion
- Path of Water Across the Root
- Concept of Transpiration
- Definition: Transpiration
- Factors Affecting the Rate of Transpiration
- Root Pressure
- Definition: Root Pressure
- Definition: Guttation
- Uptake of Minerals
- Transport of Mineral Ions
- Transportation in Plants
- Transportation of Food and Other Substances
- Introduction
- Definition: Translocation
- Working of Translocation
- Transportation of Food and Other Substances
- Forces Contributing to Ascent of Sap
- Blood
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Red Blood Cells
- Function of RBC
- Key Points: Red Blood Cells
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- Types of WBCs
- Function of WBCs
- Key Points: White Blood Cells
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Definition: Thrombokinase
- Definition: Clot
- Blood Platelets
- Function of Blood Platelets
- Key Points: Blood Platelets
- Functions of Blood
- Blood Circulatory System
- Human Heart
- Structure of the Heart
- Layers of the Heart Wall
- Chambers of the Heart
- Definition: Pericardium
- Key Points: The Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Blood Vessels: Structure and Functions
- Capillaries
- Definition: Artery
- Definition: Vein
- Definition: Arteriole
- Definition: Venule
- Circulation of Blood in the Heart (Functioning of Heart)
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Key Points: Circulation of Blood in the Heart
- Types of Closed Circulation
- Heart Beat
- Definition: Cardiac Cycle
- Heart Beat Rate
- Heart Beat Sounds
- Key Points: Heart Beat
- Working mechanism of human heart
- Cardiac Cycle
- Atrial systole (AS)
- Ventricular systole (VS)
- Cardiac output (CO)
- Blood Pressure (B.P.)
- Introduction
- Definition: Blood Pressure
- Definition: Systolic Pressure
- Definition: Diastolic Pressure
- Definition: Hypertension
- Definition: Sphygmomanometer
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Definition: Blood Transfusion
- Definition: Blood Donor
- Definition: Blood Recipient
- Definition: Antigens
- Definition: Antibodies
- Definition: Universal Donor
- Definition: Universal Recipient
- Blood Groups
- Rh Factor
- Key Point: Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups
- Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation (Double Circulation)
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Definition: Lymph
- Key Points: Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
15 Nervous System
- Human Nervous System
- Introduction
- Components of Nervous System
- Need of Nervous System
- Key Points: Human Nervous System
- Neuron (Or Nerve Cell)
- Definition: Neuron (Nerve Cell)
- Definition: Neurolemma (Neurilemma)
- Definition: Nodes of Ranvier
- Definition: Synaptic Cleft
- Definition: Stimulus
- Definition: Response
- Definition: Nerve Impulse
- Definition: Receptors
- Definition: Effectors
- Key Points: Neuron
- Nerve Fibres
- Nerve Fibres
- Properties of nerve fibres
- Types of Nerve Fibres
- Myelinated nerve fibre
- Non-myelinated nerve fibre
- Transmission of Nerve Impulse
- Definition: Polarised State
- Definition: Sodium Pump
- Neural Tissue
- Neuroglial Cells (Or Glial Cells)
- Major Division of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Central Nervous System
- Different regions of Brain and its functions
- The Human Brain
- Definition: Meninges
- Definition: Meningitis
- Key Points: Human Brain
- The Spinal Cord
- Key Points: Spinal Cord
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Reflex Action
- Definition: Reflex Action
- Key Points: Reflex Action
- Peripheral Nervous System > Somatic Nervous System
16 Plant and Animal Hormones
- Chemical Coordination
- Plant Hormones
- Definition: Stimuli
- Definition: Responses
- Definition: Hormones
- Definition: Phytohormones
- Overview of Plant Hormones and Roles
- Auxins
- Definition: Auxin
- Definition: Apical dominance
- Definition: Parthenocarpy
- Definition: Parthenocarpic Fruits
- Key Points: Auxins
- Cytokinins
- Definition: Cytokinin
- Key Points: Cytokinins
- Gibberellins
- Definition: Gibberellin
- Key Points: Gibberellins
- Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Definition: Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Key Points: Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Ethylene
- Definition: Ethylene
- Key Points: Ethylene
- Hormonal Regulation in Animals
- Key Points: Hormonal Regulation in Animals
- Human Endocrine System
- Definition: Endocrine System
- Human Endocrine Glands
- Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis Gland
- Key Points: Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Key Points: Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
- Definition: Islets of Langerhans
- Introduction
- Function of Pancreas
- Key Points: Pancreas
- Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal Gland)
- Key Points: Adrenal Glands
- Reproductive Glands (Gonads)
- Thymus Gland
- Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis Gland
17 Reproduction in Plants and Animals
- Reproduction
- Definition: Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction in Plants
- Definition: Bisexual Flower
- Definition: Unisexual Flower
- Definition: Pedicellate Flower
- Definition: Sessile Flower
- Key Points: Sexual Reproduction in Plants
- Pollination
- Definition: Pollination
- Self-pollination
- Definition: Self-pollination
- Cross-pollination
- Definition: Cross-pollination
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Fertilization to Foetal Development
- Concept of Reproductive Health
- Key Points: Reproductive Health
- Family Planning
- Family Planning and welfare
- Aspects of Family welfare
- Methods of contraception
- Hormonal Methods (Pills)
- Barrier Methods
(a) Condom
(b) Diaphragms
(c) Sperm-killing (spermicidal) agents - Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs)
- Surgical methods
(a) Tubectomy (for female)
(b) Vasectomy (in male) - Induced Abortion or Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Types of Hygiene: Personal Hygiene
- Personal Hygiene
- Major aspect of personal hygiene
- Cleanliness
- Physical exercise
- Rest and sleep
- Healthy habits
18 Genetics
- Genes and Genetic
- Definition: Genes
- Definition: Genetics
- Definition: Genome
- Monohybrid Cross
- Chromosomes - The Carriers of Heredity
- Discovery of Chromosomes
- Definition: Chromosomes
- Definition: Chromatin
- Definition: Centromere
- Definition: Chromatid
- Definition: Sister Chromatids
- Definition: Homologous Chromosomes
- Introduction
- Variation in Chromosome Number (ploidy)
- Structure of a Chromosome
- Key Points: Chromosomes
- Types of Chromosomes
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- The Discovery of DNA
- Introduction of DNA
- Composition of DNA
- Key Points: Molecular Structure of DNA
- Mutations
- Definition: Mutation
19 Origin and Evolution of Life
- The Universe
- Theories of Origin of Life
- Chemical Evolution of Life (Self-assembly Theory of the Origin of Life)
- Evidence of Evolution > Morphological Evidences
- Key Points: Morphological Evidences
- Paleobotany
- Ethnobotany
- Astrobiology/Exobiology
20 Breeding and Biotechnology
- Breeding and Biotechnology
- Modern Agricultural Practices and Crop Improvement
- Green Revolution
- Key Points: Green Revolution
- Methods of Plant Breeding for Crop Improvement
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Animal Breeding
- Genetic Engineering
- Biotechnology in Medicine
- Stem Cells
- Definition: Stem Cells
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Definition: DNA Fingerprinting
- Crop Biotechnology > Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Definition: Genetically Modified Crops (GMOs)
- Key Points: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
21 Health and Diseases
- Abuse and Types of Abuse
- Approaches for Protection of an Abused Child
- Drug Abuse
- Drugs, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use- An Invitation to Death
- Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse
- Tobacco Abuse
- Tobacco Consumption
- Ill Effects of Tobacco Addiction
- The Importance of Avoiding Tobacco
- Alcohol Abuse
- Alcohol Consumption
- Effect of Alcohol Addiction
- Prevention and Control of Alcohol
- Diseases and Disorders Due to Lifestyle Modifications
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Introduction of Diabetes
- Reasons for Developing Diabetes
- Preventive Measures
- Obesity and Its Prevention
- Heart Disease
- Introduction of Heart Diseases
- Common Reasons for a Heart Attack
- First Aid for Heart Disease
- Treatment of Heart Diseases
- Cancer
22 Environmental Management
- Environmental Management
- Protecting our environment
- Introduction of Protecting our environment
- Importance of Managing Our Resources
- Forests: Our Lifeline
- Forest Biology
- Forest Biodiversity
- Crown
- Canopy
- Understorey
- Forest Ecosystem
- Spatial pattern: Stratification and zonation
- Deforestation and Its Causes
- Conservation of Forests
- Wildlife
- Conservation of Wildlife
- Soil Erosion
- Soil Conservation
- Energy Resources > Conventional energy resources or non-renewable energy resources
- Fossil Fuels
- Introduction
- The Formation of Fossil Fuels
- Application of Fossil Fuels
- Conservation of Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Resources
- Coal
- Petroleum
- Natural Gas
- Electricity Generation using Solar Energy
- Solar Energy Devices
- Solar Cells
- Uses of Solar cells
- Solar Panel
- Solar Cooker
- Solar thermal power plant
- Advantages of Solar Energy
- Bio-energy
- Biogas plant
- Biomass
- Gobar gas
- Shale Gas
- Electricity Generation using Hydroelectric Energy
- Key Points: Electricity Generation using Hydroelectric Energy
- Energy from the Sea
- Tidal Energy
- Wave Energy
- Ocean Thermal Energy
- Water Management (Conservation of Water)
- Waste Water Management
- Conservation of Electrical Energy
- E-waste Management
- Sewage and Its Management
- Five R’s of Waste Management
23 Visual Communication
- Visual Communication Devices
- File and Folder
- Scratch
- Scratch
- Scratch Interface
- sprite
