- Ethanol is used as a solvent in medicines like tincture iodine and cough syrups.
- It plays a role in extraction processes in laboratories and industries.
- Ethanol serves as a fuel and is blended with petrol to make gasohol, which improves fuel efficiency and reduces pollution.
- It burns cleanly, producing only carbon dioxide and water, making it eco-friendly and renewable.
- Ethanol is the main intoxicating agent in alcoholic beverages.
- It affects the central nervous system and can impair body functions.
- Pure ethanol (absolute alcohol) is toxic and may be fatal if consumed.
Topics
Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Chemical Reactions in Daily Life
- Chemical Equations
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Combination Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Decomposition Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Single Displacement Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Double Displacement Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Oxidation
- The Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday Life
Acids, Bases and Salts
- Acids and Bases in Daily Life
- Acids and Bases in the Laboratory
- Acids and Bases React with Metals
- Reaction of Metal Carbonates with Acids
- Acids and Bases Reaction with each other
- Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids
- Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base
- Common Properties of Acids and Bases
- The pH Scale
- Importance of pH in Everyday Life
- Salts > Family of Salts
- Salts > pH of Salts
- Salts > Chemicals from Common Salt
- Salts > Water in Salt Crystals
Metals and Non-metals
Carbon and its Compounds
- Importance of Carbon
- The Covalent Bond
- Allotropes of Carbon > Diamond
- Allotropes of Carbon > Graphite
- Allotropes of Carbon > Fullerene
- Carbon: A Versatile Element
- Organic Compounds
- Classification of Hydrocarbons
- Carbon Compounds: Chains, Branches, Rings
- Homologous Series
- Nomenclature
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Combustion
- Ethanol
- Ethanoic Acid
- Soaps and Detergents
Life Processes
- Life Processes in Living Organisms
- Nutrition
- Autotrophic Nutrition
- Heterotrophic Nutrition
- Nutrition in Human Beings
- Dental Caries
- Cellular Respiration
- Human Respiratory System
- Production of ATP
- Blood Circulatory System
- Human Heart
- Blood Vessels Entering and Leaving The Heart
- Valves of the Heart
- Blood Pressure (B.P.)
- Blood Vessels
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Tissue Fluid (Or Intercellular Fluid)
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Transportation in Plants
- Transportation of Water
- Transportation of Food and Other Substances
- Excretion
- Excretion in Human Beings
- Kidney and Its Internal Structure
- Structure of a Kidney Tubule (Nephrons)
- Dialysis and Artificial Kidney
- Excretion in Plants
- Organ and Body Donation
Control and Co-ordination
- Human Nervous System
- Neuron (Or Nerve Cell)
- Synapse
- Nerves
- Reflex Action
- Reflex Arc
- The Human Brain
- The Spinal Cord
- Mechanism of Muscle Action Under Nervous Control
- Coordination and Response to Stimuli in Plants
- Tropic Movements in Plants
- Phototropism
- Geotropism
- Hydrotropism
- Thigmotropism
- Chemotropism
- Hormonal Regulation in Animals
How do Organisms Reproduce?
Heredity
Light – Reflection and Refraction
- Light and Its Straight-Line Propagation
- Reflection of Light
- Spherical Mirrors
- Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors
- Representation of Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- Image Formation by Concave Mirror
- Image Formation by a Convex Mirror
- Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Refraction of Light
- Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab
- The Refractive Index
- Refraction by Spherical Lenses
- Image Formation by Lenses
- Image Formation in Lenses Using Ray Diagrams
- Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses
- Lens Formula
- Power of a Lens
The Human Eye and the Colourful World
- The Human Eye
- Defects of Vision and Their Correction
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Myopia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Hypermetropia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Presbyopia
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Dispersion of Light
- Atmosphere Refraction
- Scattering of Light
Electricity
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field due to a Finite Straight Current-Carrying Wire
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current-Carrying Conductor
- Right-hand Thumb Rule
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Centre of a Circular Loop
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Solenoid
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
- Magnetism in Medicine
- Domestic Electric Circuits
Our Environment
- Key Points: Ethanol
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10
Physical Properties
Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is a colourless liquid at room temperature. Commonly known as alcohol or spirit, it is completely miscible with water and is neutral to litmus paper.
Physical Properties of Ethanol
| Property | Value / Description |
|---|---|
| Appearance | Colourless, transparent liquid |
| Odour | Mild, characteristic alcohol-like smell |
| Melting Point | –114.1°C |
| Boiling Point | 78.37°C |
| Density | 0.789 g/cm³ at 20°C |
| State at Room Temp. | Liquid |
| Flash Point | 13°C (closed cup) |
| Solubility (in Water) | Completely miscible in all proportions |
| Solubility (in Organics) | Miscible with most organic solvents |
| Miscibility | Mixes well with water and solvents in all proportions |
| Hydrogen Bonding | Forms strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds |
| pH (neutral solution) | Approximately 7 (neutral) |
| Vapour Pressure | 5.95 kPa at 20°C |
| Viscosity | 1.2 mPa·s at 20°C |
| Surface Tension | 22.3 mN/m at 20°C |
| Heat of Combustion | –1366.8 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Evaporation | 38.56 kJ/mol |
Chemical Properties
(i) Reaction with Sodium: Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas:
2Na + 2CH₃CH₂OH → 2CH₃CH₂ONa + H₂↑
This reaction occurs due to the –OH functional group in ethanol, despite it being neutral.
(ii) Dehydration Reaction: When heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170°C, ethanol loses a water molecule and forms ethene:
\[\begin{array}{cc}
\phantom{}\ce{\underset{}{CH3 - CH2 - OH} ->[(170°C)][conc.H2SO4] \underset{(ethanoic acid)}{CH2 = CH2 - H2O}}\
\end{array}\]
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10
Uses and Significance
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10
Experiment
1. Aim: To observe the reaction of ethanol with sodium and magnesium and detect the release of hydrogen gas.
2. Requirements: Big test tube, a delivery tube with a rubber cork, a candle, a knife, ethanol, sodium metal, and magnesium ribbon.
3. Procedure
- Add 10 ml of ethanol to a big test tube.
- Cut small pieces of sodium metal and add them to the ethanol.
- Immediately close the test tube with the rubber cork and delivery tube.
- Bring a lit candle near the end of the delivery tube and observe.
- Repeat the process using a magnesium ribbon instead of sodium.
4. Observations
- With sodium: Hydrogen gas is released and burns with a pop sound. Sodium pieces appear to dance on the ethanol surface due to the hydrogen gas bubbles forming rapidly.
- With magnesium: No reaction or gas bubbles are observed.
5. Conclusion
- Sodium reacts with ethanol, releasing hydrogen gas and forming sodium ethoxide.
- Ethanol, though neutral, reacts due to its -OH functional group.
- Magnesium does not react with ethanol, as it is less reactive and ethanol is not acidic.
Reaction: 2CH₃CH₂OH + 2Na → 2CH₃CH₂ONa + H₂↑
(Ethanol + Sodium → Sodium ethoxide + Hydrogen gas)
CBSE: Class 10
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10
Key Points: Ethanol
- Ethanol is a colourless liquid with a boiling point of 78 °C, soluble in water, and used in medicines, drinks, and as a clean-burning fuel (e.g., gasohol).
- Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas is evolved.
- When heated with concentrated H₂SO₄ at 170 °C, ethanol undergoes dehydration to form ethene, an unsaturated compound.
- Methanol is highly poisonous, and industrial ethanol is made unfit for drinking by mixing methanol and adding a blue dye (denatured spirit).
Video Tutorials
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