Revision: Reproduction in Plants and Animals Science SSLC (English Medium) Class 10 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education

Reproduction is the process of formation of new individuals by sexual or asexual means, which can repeat the process in their own turn.

or

Formation of new organism of same species by earlier existing organism is called as reproduction.

or

Reproduction is a biological process that results in the formation of new individuals of the same kind, though usually with slight genetic, structural and physiological variations.

A flower that has both androecium (male part) and gynoecium (female part) in the same flower is called a bisexual flower.
Example: Hibiscus

A specialised axis or branch over which flowers are produced or borne in definite manner is known as inflorescence.

A flower that has only one reproductive whorl (either androecium or gynoecium) is called a unisexual flower.

• If it has only androecium: male flower
• If it has only gynoecium: female flower
  Example: Papaya

A flower that has a stalk called pedicel for support is called a pedicellate flower.

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination.

or

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or of another flower of usually the same species.

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to stigma is called pollination.

When pollination occurs within the same flower or between two flowers on the same plant, it is called self-pollination.

or

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant is said to be self~pollination.

When pollination occurs between flowers on two different plants of the same species, it is called cross-pollination.

or

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower from one plant to the stigma of the flower on another plant is called cross-pollination

The rhythmic series of changes in the sex organs throughout the reproductive life of a female primate (e.g., monkeys, apes, and human beings) from puberty to menopause is called the menstrual cycle (L. mensis = month, lunar month).

The release of the ovum from the ovary is called ovulation.

It is the stage when a girl menstruates for the first time.

It is a technique in which amniotic fluid is withdrawn from the uterus of a pregnant lady and the amniotic cells are cultured and studied for cytological observations to determine any chromosomal abnormalities.

• Flower is the main reproductive organ in plants, made up of four whorls—calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
• Essential whorls: Androecium (male) and Gynoecium (female);
  Accessory whorls: Calyx (sepals) and Corolla (petals).
• Bisexual flowers have both androecium and gynoecium (e.g., Hibiscus);
  Unisexual flowers have only one (e.g., Papaya).
• Gynoecium contains carpels with ovary, style, and stigma;
  Ovary has ovules, which form the embryo sac by meiosis.

• Reproductive health, as defined by WHO, refers to complete physical, emotional, behavioural, and social well-being in all aspects related to reproduction.
• India’s Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programmes aim to promote reproductive health through family planning, maternal and child care, awareness creation, and access to medical facilities.
• Education and awareness, including sex education for adolescents, help prevent myths, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), unsafe practices, and promote hygienic and responsible sexual behaviour.
• Preventive measures such as menstrual hygiene, genital cleanliness, planned parenthood, immunisation, and statutory bans on sex determination are essential for a healthy society.
• Sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis and gonorrhoea adversely affect reproductive health, highlighting the need for early diagnosis, treatment, and improved medical infrastructure.