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प्रश्न
Describe briefly the following:
Bioreactors
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उत्तर
Bioreactors can be thought of as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products, individual enzymes, etc., using microbial plant, animal, or human cells. A bioreactor provides the optimal conditions for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions (temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen). The most commonly used bioreactor is the stirring type. Stirred-tank reactors are usually cylindrical or have a curved base. This helps mix the material inside the reactor. Stirrers not only mix the material inside the reactor but also ensure the availability of oxygen everywhere in the reactor. Every bioreactor has an agitator system. It also has an oxygen delivery system, foam control system, temperature control system, and pH control device. The reaction is controlled by a system and sampling, which allows small volumes of the cultured product to be periodically removed.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Suggest and describe a technique to obtain multiple copies of a gene of interest in vitro.
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Describe briefly the following:
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Prepare a flow chart in formation of recombinant DNA by the action of restriction endonuclease enzyme EcoRI.
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Identify and explain steps ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ in the PCR diagram given below.
Read the paragraph given below and answer and questions that follow:
| Enzyme Taq polymerase, is extracted from a eubacterial microorganism Thermus aquaticus from Yellowstone National Park in Montana, USA and isolated by Chien et al. (1976). Taq polymerase successfully replaced the DNA polymerase from E.coli that was being used in PCR earlier and this shift revolutionised the PCR technique. |
- Taq polymerase after its discovery replaced E.coli DNA polymerase in PCR technique. Explain giving reasons why was the need felt for the change?
- What is a primer and its importance in PCR?
- Write the importance of PCR as a diagnostic tool.
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
| Biotechnology revolves around the "gene of interest", with an objective to open various avenues for human welfare in health, medicine, pharma, agriculture etc. using different techniques, tools and processes. One of the breakthroughs of biotechnology in medicine is the gene therapy. |
- Name the human disease for which the gene therapy was used for the first time.
- Explain the steps of gene therapy carried to cure the disease using the lymphocytes of the patient. Why is this therapy not a permanent cure of the disease?
- Write the possible permanent cure of the disease by the gene therapy that is in progress.
Write the scientific name of the source organism of the thermostable DNA polymerase used in PCR.
Main steps in the formation of Recombinant DNA are given below. Arrange these steps in a correct sequence.
- Insertion of recombinant DNA into the host cell.
- Cutting of DNA at specific location by restriction enzyme.
- Isolation of desired DNA fragment.
- Amplification of gene of interest using PCR.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Which enzyme is specifically used to break open fungal cells during the isolation of genetic material?
In agarose gel electrophoresis, why do DNA fragments move toward the positive electrode?
What is the process of cutting out and recovering a separated DNA band from an agarose gel called?
In the provided agarose gel electrophoresis image, what is represented in lane 1 compared to lanes 2 through 4?
Which enzyme is utilized in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) because it remains active at high temperatures?
Which enzyme is responsible for joining the desired gene to a carrier vector DNA to form recombinant DNA?
