CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus - Free PDF Download
CBSE Syllabus 2026-27 Class 12: The CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for the examination year 2026-27 has been released by the Central Board of Secondary Education, CBSE. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2026-27 CBSE Class 12 Physics Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new CBSE syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for 2026-27 is below.
Academic year:
CBSE Class 12 Physics Revised Syllabus
CBSE Class 12 Physics Course Structure 2026-27 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
1: Electrostatics [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
1 Electric Charges and Fields [Revision]
- Electric Charge
- Key Points: Electric Charge
- Electrical Conduction in Solids
- Introduction
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- Table
- Concept of Electrical Conductivity
- Classification of Semiconductors
- Principle of Superposition
- Derivation
- Force on a Charge at the Centroid
- Example
- Electric Field
- Definition: Electric Field
- Derivation
- DImensional Formula
- Intensity of Electric Field
- Electric Lines of Force
- Definition: Line of Force
- Characteristics of Electric Lines of Force
- Imaginary Lines, Real Uses
- Electric Field Intensity Due to a Point-Charge
- Derivation
- Uniform Electric Field
- Non Uniform Electric Field
- Electric Flux
- Electric Flux
- Derivation
- Special Cases
- Electric Dipole
- Definition: Dipole
- Definition: Axial Line
- Definition: Equitorial Line
- Definition: Dipole Moment
- Natural Dipole
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Work of an electric dipole
- Continuous Charge Distribution
- Introduction
- Linear Charge Density
- Surface Charge Density
- Volume Charge Density
- We Don't Feel Earth's Charge
- Static Charge: Use and Safety
- Gauss’s Law
- Definition
- Origin
- Statement
- Derivation
- Example
- Gaussian Surface
- Area Vector
- Solid Angle
- Applications of Gauss' Theorem
- Electric Field due to a Point Charge
- Electric field due to an Infinite Line of Charge
- Electric Field due to an Infinite Plane Sheet of Charge
- Electric Field due to Two Infinite Parallel Sheets of Charge
- Electric Field Intensity Just Outside a Charged Conductor
- Electric Field due to a Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell
- Electric Field due to a Uniformly Charged Sphere (Optional)
- Charging by Induction
- Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)
- Overview: Gauss' Theorem
- Conductors and Insulators
- Definition: Conductors
- Definition: Insulators
- Free Charges and Bound Charges Inside a Conductor
- Important Properties of Electric Charge
- Quantisation of Electric Charge
- Conservation of Electric Charge
- Invariance Property of Charge
- Coulomb’s Law
- Scalar Form of Coulomb’s Law
- Introduction
- Statement
- Analysis
- Permittivity and Dielectrics
- Comparison with Gravitation
- Importance
- Scalar Form of Coulomb’s Law
- Electric Field due to an Electric Dipole
- Intensity of the Electric Field at a Point on the Axis of a Dipole
- Intensity of the Electric Field at a Point on the Equatorial Line of a Dipole
2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance [Revision]
- Electric Potential
- Introduction
- SI Unit of Potential
- Physical Interpretat ion of Electric Potential
- Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Electric Potential Due to Point Charge
- Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
- Potential at a Point on the Axis of the Dipole
- Potential at a Point on the Equatorial Line of the Dipole
- Potential at any Point
- Difference between Electric Potential at a Point due to a Single Point Charge and an Electric Dipole
- Work Done In Rotating an Electric Dipole In an Electric Field
- Potential Due to a System of Charges
- system of charges
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Definition
- Properties
- Relation Between Electric Field and Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Energy of a System of Charges
- Potential Energy in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a Single Charge
- Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field
- Electrostatics of Conductors
- Inside a conductor, electrostatic field is zero
- At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal to the surface at every point
- The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge in the static situation
- Electrostatic potential is constant throughout the volume of the conductor and has the same value (as inside) on its surface
- Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor
- Electrostatic shielding
- Dielectrics
- Definition: Dielectrics
- Dielectric Constant
- Polar and Non-polar Dielectric Molecules
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Capacitance
- Redistribution of charges and concept of common potential
- Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor
- Capacitor
- Principle of a capacitor
- Types of capacitor
1) Parallel plate capacitor
2) Spherical capacitor
3) Cylindrical capacitor - Applications of capacitors
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacity
- Combination of Capacitors
- In Series
- In Parallel
- Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
- Introduction
- Energy Stored in a Combination of Capacitors
- Energy Density in a Capacitor
- Force between the Plates of a Charged Parallel-Plate Capacitor
- Charges Induced on the Surfaces of a Dielectric Slab Placed between the
Plates of Parallel-Plate Capacitor
- Van De Graaff Generator
- Principle
- Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with and Without Dielectric Medium Between the Plates
- Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor without dielectric medium
- Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab between the plates
- Free Charges and Bound Charges Inside a Conductor
- Conductors and Insulators Related to Electric Field
- Electrical Potential Energy of a System of Two Point Charges and of Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field
- Electric potential energy
- Electric potential energy of a system of two point charges
- Electric potential energy of an electric dipole in uniform electric field
- Dipole-dipole interaction
- Equilibrium of charges
- Types of equilibrium
1) Stable equilibrium
2) Unstable equilibrium
3) Neutral equilibrium - Different cases of equilibrium of charge
- Potential and Potential Difference
- Introduction
- Definition: Potential at a Point
- Definition: Potential Difference
- Formula: Electric Potential at a Point
- Formula: Potential Difference
- Key Points: Potential and Potential Difference
- Overview: Electric Potential
- Overview: Capacitors and Dielectrics
2: Current Electricity [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
3 Current Electricity [Revision]
- Electric Current
- Definition: Current
- Definition: Electric Current
- Key Points: Electric Current
- Concept of Electric Currents in Conductors
- Introduction
- Ohm's Law
- Definition: Conductance
- Law: Ohm's Law
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Limitations
- Derivation
- Current Density
- Definition: Current Density
- Formula: Current Density
- Units and Dimensions
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Drift velocity
- Relaxation time
- Mobility of electron
- Relation of drift velocity with current
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Carbon resistors
- Colour code for carbon resistors
- Temperature Dependence of Resistance
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Electrical Power
- Definition: Electric Power
- Formula: Electric Power
- Key Points: Electric Power
- Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance
- E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell
- Cells in Series
- Introduction
- Advantages
- Kirchhoff’s Laws
- Kirchhoff's First Law or Junction Rule
- Kirchhoff's Second Law or Loop Rule
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Introduction
- Definition: Wheatstone’s Bridge
- Derivation
- Conductivity and Conductance;
- Delta Star Transformation
- Potential Difference and Emf of a Cell
- Measurement of Internal Resistance of a Cell
- Potentiometer
- Principle
- Sensitivity of Potentiometer
- Construction
- Precautions
- Superiority of Potentiometer over Voltmeter
- Metre Bridge: Slide-Wire Bridge
- Description
- Determination of Resistance
- Errors and Their Removal
- Resistance of a System of Resistors
- Specific Resistance
- Definition: Specific Resistance
- Definition: Conductivity
- Key Points: Specific Resistance
- V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)
- Flow of Electric Charges in a Metallic Conductor
- Overview: Electric Resistance and Ohm's Law
- Overview: DC Circuits and Measurements
3: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
4 Moving Charges and Magnetism [Revision]
- Magnetic force
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Sources and Fields of Magnetic Force
- Magnetic Field, Lorentz Force
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Key Points: Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Helical motion of Charges Particles and Aurora Borealis
- Force on moving charge in uniform magnetic field
- Force on a charged particle in an electric field
- Biot-Savart Law
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Biot-Savart's Law in Terms of Current Density
- Units and Dimensions
- Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Solenoid
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
- Definition of Ampere
- Force Between Two Parallel Current-carrying Conductors
- Roget's Spiral For Attraction Between parallel currents
- Torque on a Rectangular Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- The Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Description
- Suspended-coil Galvanometer
- Radial Field
- Working
- Pivoted-coil (or Weston) Galvanometer
- Oersted's Experiment
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Observations
- Explanation
- Inference
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Toroid
- Magnetic Diapole
- Torque on a Current-Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Force on a Current - Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Description
- Right-hand Palm Rule No. 2
- Fleming's Left-hand Rule
- Expression for the Force
- Force on a Moving Charge in Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields
- Straight and Toroidal Solenoids (Only Qualitative Treatment)
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Velocity Selector
- Cyclotron
- Description
- Construction
- Theory and Working
- Achievement of Resonance Condition
- Limitations
- Kinetic Energy of Particles Accelerated in a Cyclotron
- Overview: Moving Charges and Magnetic Field
- Overview: Torque on a Current-Loop : Moving-Coil Galvanometer
5 Magnetism and Matter [Revision]
- Concept of Magnetism
- Basics of a Bar Magnet and Magnetic Lines of Force
- Introduction
- Fundamental Facts
- The Bar Magnet
- Introduction
- Axis
- Equator
- Magnetic Length
- Magnetic Field due to a Bar Magnet
- Derivation
- The Electrostatic Analogue
- Table
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- Gauss law of magnetism
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetisation
- Magnetic Intensity
- Relation between permeability and susceptibility
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Permanent Magnet
- Curie Law of Magnetism
- Hysteresis: Retentivity and Coercivity
- Hysteresis Curve
- Hysteresis Loss
- Hysteresis Loop
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Introduction
- Magnetic Axis
- Magnetic Equator
- Geographic Meridian
- Magnetic Meridian
- Magnetic Declination
- Magnetic Inclination or Angle of Dip
- Earth’s Magnetic Field
- Special Cases
- Magnetic Maps of the Earth
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Work of an electric dipole
- Magnetic Field Intensity Due to a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) Perpendicular to Its Axis
- Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole: Magnetic Dipole Moment of Current Loop
- Magnetic Substances
- Overview: Magnetism and Mater
4: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
6 Electromagnetic Induction [Revision]
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Electromagnetic Induction
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Faraday's Experiments
1) Coil and magnet experiment
2) Coil and coil experiment
- Faraday's Experiments
- Magnetic Flux
- Definition: Magnetic Flux
- Explanation
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Faraday's Law of Induction
- Law: Faraday's First Law or Neumann's Law
- Law: Faraday's Second Law or Lenz's Law
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Lenz's Law
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Translational motion of a conductor
- Motional emf in a rotating bar
- Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Self Induction
- Factors affecting self inductance (L)
- Self Inductance
- A.C. Generator
- Principle
- Construction and Its Main Parts
- Working
- Frequency of Altering Current
- Energy Consideration: a Quantitative Study
- Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents
- Explanation
- Applications
- Induced Current and Induced Charge
- Overview - Electromagnetic Induction
7 Alternating Current [Revision]
- Alternating current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)
- Definition: Direct Current (DC)
- Definition: Alternating Current (AC)
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for a purely resistive load
- Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for purely inductive circuit
- Inductive Reactance (XL)
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for the purely capacitive circuit
- Capacitive Reactance
- Comparison between resistance and reactance
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- LCR Series Circuit
- Phasor-diagram solution
- Analytical solution
- Resonance - Sharpness of resonance
- Power in AC Circuit
- Circuit Containing Pure Resistance Only
- Circuit Containing both Inductance and Resistance (L-R Circuit)
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
- resonance
- Small Damping, Driving Frequency far from Natural Frequency
- Driving Frequency Close to Natural Frequency
- LC Oscillations
- Transformers
- Introduction
- Principle
- Construction
- Theory
- Energy Losses in a Transformer
- Utility of Transformers in Long-distance Power Transmission
- Types of Transformer
- Examples
- Uses of Transformers
- Table
- Reactance and Impedance
- Peak and Rms Value of Alternating Current Or Voltage
- Overview: AC Circuits
5: Electromagnetic Waves [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
8 Electromagnetic Waves [Revision]
- Elementary Facts About Electromagnetic Wave Uses
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Definition: Invisible Spectrum
- Key Points: Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
- EM Wave
- Basic Laws and their Origin
- Displacement Current
- Overview of Electromagnetic Waves
6: Optics [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments [Revision]
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Sign convention
- Focal length of spherical mirrors
- The mirror equation
- Refraction of Light
- Definition: Refraction
- Definition: Refracted Light
- Definition: Refraction of Light
- Key Points: Refraction of Light
- Refraction at a Spherical Surface and Lenses
- Introduction
- Refraction by a Lens
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction at spherical surfaces
- Refraction from rarer to denser medium
- Refraction from denser medium to rarer medium
- Power of a Lens
- Definition: Power of a Lens
- Formula: Power of a Lens
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Optical Instruments
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power
- Simple Microscope or a Reading Glass
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Limiting Cases
- Example
- Compound Microscope
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Remarks
- Example
- Telescope
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power of a Telescope
- Example
- Optical Instruments: the Eye
- Nearsightedness (myopia)
- Farsightedness (hypermetropia)
- Astigmatism
- Laws of Refraction
- Key Points: Laws of Refraction
- Spherical Mirror > Concave Mirror
- Introduction
- Image formation by Concave Mirror
- Uses of Concave Mirror
- Rarer and Denser Medium
- Lens Maker's Formula
- Thin Lens Formula
- Concept of Lenses
- Definition: Lens
- Definition: Converging Lens or Convex Lens
- Definition: Diverging Lens or Concave Lens
- Key Points: Concepts of Lenses
- Definition: Centre of Curvature
- Definition: Radius of Curvature
- Definition: Principal Axis
- Definition: Optical Centre
- Definition: Principal Focus
- Definition: Focal Length
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Mirage
- Causes of Mirage Formation
- Rainbow
- The Facts to be Explained
- Conditions Necessary for Formation of a Rainbow
- Optical Phenomena Involved
- Promary Rainbow
- Secondary Rainbow
- Formation and Visibility of Rainbows
- Dispersion by a Prism
- Magnification
- Total Internal Reflection
- Definition: Total Internal Reflection
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Introduction
- Definition: Object Distance
- Definition: Image Distance
- Definition: Focal Length
- Formula: Mirror Formula
- Formula: Magnification
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Light Process and Photometry
- Overview of Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
10 Wave Optics [Revision]
- Introduction of Wave Optics
- Wave Optics
- Newton's Corpuscular Theory of light
- Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory
- Huygens' Wave Theory of light
- Merits of Huygens' Wave Theory
- Limitations of Huygens' wave theory
- Properties of Luminiferous Ether
- Huygens' Principle
- Wavefront
- Wave normal
- Wave surface
- Huygens' Principle
- Spherical Wavefront
- Plane Wavefront
- Cylindrical wavefront
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at Plane Surface Using Huygens' Principle
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Refraction of light
- Laws of refraction
- Snell's law
- Refraction of plane wave from a plane surface
- Refraction at a Rarer Medium
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- Reflection at plane surface
- Laws of reflection
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
- Coherent and Incoherent Waves
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width or Young’s Experiment
- Young's double-slit experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ, between waves from the two slits
- Using ∆x = nλ for bright fringe and ∆x = (n + ½)λ for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ = yn/D as y and θ are small, obtain yn = (D/d)nλ and fringe width β = (D/d)λ.
- Graph of distribution of intensity with angular distance.
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- The Single Slit
- Seeing the Single Slit Diffraction Pattern
- The Validity of Ray Optics
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Resolution of images
- Rayleigh's criterion for resolution
- Resolving the power of an optical instrument
- Resolving power of microscope
- Resolving power of telescopes
- Refraction of Monochromatic Light
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Law of Malus
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Corpuscular Theory
- Plane Polarised Light
- Doppler Effect
- Origin of Doppler Effect
- Unsafe Listening Habits
- Width of Central Maximum
- Interference
- Proof of Laws of Reflection and Refraction Using Huygens' Principle
- Proof of laws of reflection by using Huygens' principle
- Proof of laws of refraction using Huygens' Principle
- Brewster's Law
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only)
- Formulae based comparison between secondary maxima and minima
- Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain an expression for the position of minima, a sinθn = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3 … and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn = (n + ½)λ.
- Distribution of intensity with angular distance
- Diffraction at plane grating
- Diffraction due to circular aperture
- Comparison between interference and diffraction
- Fresnel distance
- Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light
- Coherent sources
- Incoherent sources
- Sustained interference pattern
- Conditions necessary to obtain sustained (steady) interference pattern
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at a Plane Surface Using Wave Fronts
- Speed of Light
- Fizeau’s method to determine speed of light
- Speed of light through different media
- Refractive index
- Optical path
- Overview: Wave Optics
7: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter [Revision]
- Dual Nature of Radiation
- Electron Emission
- Electron emission
- Thermionic emission
- Field emission
- Photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Hertz and Lenard's Observations
- Hallwach and Lenard's Experiment
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Effect of frequency on the photoelectric current: Threshold frequency, Threshold wavelength
- Effect of intensity of light on the photoelectric current
- Effect of potential difference on photoelectric current
- Effect of photometals on stopping potential
- Laws of photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric cell: Construction, Working, and Applications of photocell
- Failure of wave theory of light to explain photoelectric effect
- Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Einstein's photoelectric equation
- Work function (Φ)
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Characteristics of photon
- Einstein’s Equation - Particle Nature of Light
- Einstein's equation Emax = hυ - W0; threshold frequency
- Einstein used Planck’s ideas and extended it to apply for radiation (light); the photoelectric effect can be explained only assuming the quantum (particle) nature of radiation.
- Determination of Planck’s constant (from the graph of stopping potential Vs versus frequency f of the incident light).
- Momentum of photon p = E/c = hν/c = h/λ.
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- de-Broglie Relation
- De Broglie hypothesis, phenomenon of electron diffraction (qualitative only).
- Wave nature of radiation is exhibited in interference, diffraction and polarisation; particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric effect.
- Dual nature of matter: particle nature common in that it possesses momentum p and kinetic energy KE. The
wave nature of matter was proposed by Louis de Broglie, λ = h/p = h/mv.
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Matter waves
- De Broglie wave relation
- De Broglie wavelength of an electron
- Ratio of de Broglie wavelengths of photon and electron
- Overview: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
8: Atoms and Nuclei [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
12 Atoms [Revision]
- Introduction of Atoms
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment and Rutherford's Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle trajectory
- Electron orbits
- Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom (mathematical theory of scattering excluded), based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of closest approach of α particle to the nucleus,
obtained by equating ∆K = ½ mv2 of the α particle to the change in electrostatic potential energy ∆U of the system `"U" = (2e xx "Ze")/(4πε_0r_0) r_0 ∼ 10^(-15) "m" = 1` fermi; atomic structure; only general qualitative ideas, including atomic number Z, Neutron number N and mass number A.
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen using Bohr theory
- Bohr's theory and atomic spectrum of hydrogen
- Ionization energy
- Energy Levels
- The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
- De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
- Spectra of Multi Electron and Quantum Mechanics
- Heisenberg and De Broglie Hypothesis
- Thompson Model
- Dalton's Atomic Theory
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Overview: Atoms
13 Nuclei [Revision]
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Composition and Size of Nucleus
- Size of the Nucleus
- Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
- Mass - Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding Energy per Nucleon and Its Variation with Mass Number
- Nuclear Force
- Radioactivity
- Alpha Decay
Alpha Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Beta Decay
Beta Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Gamma Decay
- Gamma Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Alpha Decay
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
- Mass Defect and Binding Energy
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Atomic Mass
- Mass-Energy Relation
- Mass Defect
- Packing fraction
- Overview: Nuclei
- Law of Radioactive Decay
9: Electronic Devices [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
14 Semiconductor Electronics - Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits [Revision]
- Concept of Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- Classification of solid on the basis of conductivity
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- On the basis of energy bands
- Energy Bands in Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators
- Elementary ideas about electrical conduction in metals [crystal structure not included]. Energy levels (as for hydrogen atom), 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, etc. of an isolated atom such as that of copper; these split, eventually forming ‘bands’ of energy levels, as we consider solid copper made up of a large number of isolated atoms, brought together to form a lattice; definition of energy bands - groups of closely spaced energy levels separated by band gaps called forbidden bands.
- An idealized representation of the energy bands for a conductor, insulator and semiconductor; characteristics, differences; distinction between conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis of energy bands, with examples; qualitative discussion only; energy gaps (eV) in typical substances (carbon, Ge, Si); some electrical properties of semiconductors.
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Analysis
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Doping
- Classification
- p-n Junction
- Introduction
- Diffision
- Depletion Region
- Biasing a p-n Junction
- Forward Bias
- Reverse Bias
- Features of the Depletion Region
- Fabrication of p-n Junction Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Potential barrier at the junction diode
- Biasing of the p-n junction diode
1) Forward biasing
2) Reverse biasing - V-I Characteristics of a p-n junction diode
1) p-n junction diode under forward bias: Cut-off or knee voltage
2) p-n junction diode under reverse bias: Breakdown voltage
3) Reverse Breakdown: Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown - Dynamic Resistance
- Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- p-n junction Diode as rectifier
- Half-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Full-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Filters: Input/output waveforms, Comparison between half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier
- Integrated Circuits
- Junction Transistor
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
- Transistor as an oscillator: Construction, Working
- Gain and Berkhausen's criterion
- Uses
- Transistor as a Device
- Transistor
- Three main regions
1) Emitter (E)
2) Base (B)
3) Collector (C) - Current in transistor
- Basic Transistor Circuit Configurations and Transistor Characteristics
- Common emitter transistor characteristics,(i) Input resistance (ri ), Output resistance (ro), Current amplification factor (β)
- Transistor: Structure and Action
- Types of Transistor
1) n-p-n transistor
2) p-n-p transistor - Action of n-p-n transistor
- Action of p-n-p transistor
- Current in transistor
- Types of Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- npn Transistor as Common Emitter Amplifier
- Various gains in amplifiers
- Comparison between CB, CE and CC amplifier
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
- Transistor Action
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
- Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
- Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Configurations of a transistor
i) Common-base configuration (CB)
ii) Common-emitter configuration (CE)
iii) Common-collector configuration (CC) - Types of characteristic curves
i) Input characteristics curve
ii) Output characteristics curve
iii) Transfer characteristics curve - Transistor characteristics in CE configuration
a) Input Characteristics
b) Output characteristics of a transistor: Active region, Cut-off region, Saturation region - Different modes of operation of a transistor
- Current-transfer Characteristics
- Transistor as a switch
- Configurations of a transistor
- Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
- Zener diode
- I-V characteristics of Zener diode
- Zener diode as voltage regulator
- Line regulation in Zener diode
- Load regulation in Zener diode
- Ratings of a Zener diode
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
- Diode as a Rectifier
- Triode
- Overview: Semiconductor Electronics
10: Communication Systems [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
15 Communication Systems [Revision]
- Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Noise, Attenuation and Amplification
- Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater
- Sinusoidal Waves
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Carrier waves and their types: Sinusoidal signal and Pulse shaped signal
- Modulation
- Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
- Base Band Signals
- Factors affecting transmission of electronic signal in the audio frequency range
- Size of the antenna or aerial: Hertz and Marconi antenna
- Effective power radiated by an antenna
- Mixing up of signals from different transmitters
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Production of amplitude modulated wave
- Detection of amplitude modulated wave
- Modulation index or modulation factor in amplitude modulation
- Power and current relations in amplitude modulation wave
- Applications of amplitude modulation
- Drawbacks in amplitude modulation
- Need for Modulation and Demodulation
- Satellite Communication
- Propagation of EM Waves
- Introduction
- Ionizing Radiations
- Applications of X-rays in Medicine and Industry
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)
11: The Special Theory of Relativity [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
16 The Special Theory of Relativity [Revision]
- The Special Theory of Relativity
- The Principle of Relativity
- Maxwell'S Laws
- Kinematical Consequences
- A Rod Moving Perpendicular to its Length
- Moving Clocks (Time Dilation)
- A Rod Moving Parallel to its Length (Length Contraction)
- Dynamics at Large Velocity
- Energy and Momentum
- The Ultimate Speed
- Twin Paradox
