Topics
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Std. XI
Structure of Atom
- Atomic Concepts
- Subatomic Particles
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Isotones
- Drawbacks of Rutherford Atomic Model
- Developments Leading to the Bohr’s Atomic Model
- Line Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- De Broglie's Explanation
- Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
- Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Energies of Orbitals
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
Std XII
Chemical Bonding
- Concept of Chemical Bonding
- Kossel and Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding
- Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
- Lattice Enthalpy
- The Covalent Bond
- Lewis Structures (Lewis Representation of Simple Molecules)
- Formal Charge
- Limitations of the Octet Rule
- Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
- Hybridization
- Importance and Limitations of Valence Bond Theory
- Molecular Orbital Theory
- Parameters of Covalent Bond
- Dipole Moment
- Covalent Character of Ionic Bond
- Resonance
Redox Reactions
Elements of Group 1 and Group 2
States of Matter: Gaseous and Liquid States
- States of Matter
- Intermolecular Forces
- Characteristic Properties of Gases
- Gas Laws
- Boyle’s Law (Pressure - Volume Relationship)
- Charles’ Law (Temperature - Volume Relationship)
- Gay-Lussac's Law
- Avogadro's Law
- Ideal Gas Equation
- Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- Deviation from Ideal Behaviour
- Liquefaction of Gases and Critical Constant
- Liquid State
Adsorption and Colloids
- Adsorption
- Types of Adsorption
- Factors Affecting Adsorption of Gases on Solids
- Adsorption Isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm)
- Applications of Adsorption
- Catalysis
- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Colloids
- Classification of Colloids
- Preparation of Colloids
- Purification of Colloidal Solution
- Properties of Colloidal Dispersions
- Methods to Effect Coagulation
- Emulsions
- Applications of Colloids
Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Structural Representation of Organic Molecules
- Classification of Organic Compounds
- Nomenclature
- IUPAC Names of Straight Chain Alkanes
- IUPAC Names of Branched Saturated Hydrocarbons
- Rules for IUPAC Nomenclature of Branched Saturated Hydrocarbons
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Alkenes and Alkynes)
- IUPAC Names of Simple Monocyclic Hydrocarbons
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Compounds containing one or more Functional Groups
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Substitued Benzene
- Isomerism
- Theoretical Basis of Organic Reactions
- Types of Cleavage of Covalent Bond
- Types of Reagent
- Electronic Effects in Organic Reaction
- Inductive Effect
- Resonance Structures
- Resonance Effect
- Electromeric Effect (E Effect)
- Hyperconjugation
Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes
- Preparation of Alkanes
- Physical Properties of Alkanes
- Chemical Properties of Alkanes
- Uses of Alkanes
- Alkenes
- Preparation of Alkenes
- Physical Properties of Alkenes
- Chemical Properties of Alkenes
- Uses of Alkenes
- Alkynes
- Preparation of Alkynes
- Physical Properties of Alkynes
- Chemical Properties of Alkynes
- Uses of Alkynes
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Chemistry in Everyday Life
Solid State
Solutions
- Introduction to Solution
- Types of Solutions
- Capacity of Solution to Dissolve Solute
- Solubility
- Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Liquids in Liquids
- Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
- Vapour Pressure Lowering
- Boiling Point Elevation
- Depression in Freezing Point
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
Ionic Equilibrium
Chemical Thermodynamics
Electrochemistry
- Introduction to Electrochemistry
- Electrical Conduction
- Electrical Conductance of Solution
- Electrochemical Cells
- Electrolytic Cells
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cell
- Electrode Potential and Cell Potential
- Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells
- Reference Electrodes
- Galvanic Cells Useful in Day-to-day Life
- Fuel Cells
- Electrochemical Series (Electromotive Series)
Chemical Kinetics
Elements of Groups 16, 17, and 18
- Occurrence of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Electronic Configuration of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
- Atomic and Physical Properties of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
- Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen
- Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
- Chemical Properties of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Sulphur - Allotropic Forms
- Oxoacids of Sulphur
- Oxoacids of Halogens
- Oxygen and Compounds of Oxygen
- Compounds of Sulphur
- Chlorine and Compounds of Chlorine
- Interhalogen Compounds
- Compounds of Xenon
Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Transition (d Block) Elements
- Oxidation States of First Transition Series
- Physical Properties of First Transition Series
- Trends in Atomic Properties of the First Transition Series
- Compounds of Mn and Cr
- Common Properties of d Block Elements
- Metallurgy
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Extraction of Metals
- Inner transition (f block) elements
- Properties of f-block Elements
- Properties of Lanthanoids
- The Actinoids
- Applications of Lanthanoids
- Properties of Actinoids
- Applications of Actinoids
- Difference between Lanthanoids and Actinoids
- Comparison between s-Block metals, lanthanoids and transition metals
- Postactinoid Elements
Coordination Compounds
- Concept of Coordination Compounds
- Types of Ligands
- Terms Used in Coordination Chemistry
- Classification of Complexes
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Effective Atomic Number (EAN) Rule
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Stability of Coordination Compounds
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
- Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
- Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Colour in Coordination Compounds
Halogen Derivatives
- Introduction of Halogen Derivatives
- Classification of Halogen Derivatives
- Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives
- Methods of Preparation of Alkyl Halides
- Physical Properties of Halogen Derivatives
- Optical Isomerism in Halogen Derivatives
- Chemical Properties of Halogen Derivatives
- Mechanism of SN reaction
- Factors influencing SN 1 and SN 2 mechanism
- Elimination reaction: Dehydrohologenotion
- Reaction with Active Metals
- Polyhalogen Compounds
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Classification of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Nomenclature of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Preparation of Alcohols and Phenols
- Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
- Chemical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
- Ethers
- Physical Properties of Ethers
- Chemical Properties of Ethers
- Uses of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
- Concepts of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
- Classification of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Polarity of Carbonyl Group
- Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Amines
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules in the Cell
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Carbohydrates
- Monosaccahrides
- Preparation of Glucose
- Structures of Glucose
- Fructose
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Proteins
- Classification of Amino Acids
- Peptide
- Structure of Proteins
- Denaturation of Proteins
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Enzymes
- Mechanism of Enzymatic Action
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Nucleic Acids
- Structure of Nucleic Acids
Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
- Polymer Chemistry
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Source or Origin
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Structure
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Mode of Polymerisation
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Intermolecular Forces
- Classification of Polymers> Based On Type of Different Monomers
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Biodegradability
- Some Important Polymers
- Commercially Important Polymers
- Vulcanisation of Rubber
- Molecular Mass and Degree of Polymerization of Polymers
Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
- Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
- Principles of Green Chemistry
- Plastic Material in Daily Life
- The Role of Green Chemistry
- Introduction to Nanochemistry
- Characteristic Features of Nanoparticles
- Synthesis of Nanomaterials
- History of Nanotechnology
- Applications of Nanomaterials
- Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology
Estimated time: 5 minutes
- Chlorine
- Hydrogen Chloride
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Chlorine and Compounds of Chlorine
Chlorine (Cl₂):
Preparation:
- Electrolysis of NaCl
- Deacon’s process:
HCl + O₂ → Cl₂ (CuCl₂ catalyst)
Physical Properties:
- Poisonous gas
- Greenish-yellow colour
- Soluble in water → forms chlorine water
Chemical Properties:
| Type | Reaction |
|---|---|
| With metals | 2Al + 3Cl₂ → 2AlCl₃ |
| With non-metals | P₄ + 6Cl₂ → 4PCl₃ |
| With H₂ | H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl |
| With NH₃ | NH₃ + Cl₂ → NH₄Cl / NCl₃ |
| Oxidising property | Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ |
| Bleaching | Cl₂ + H₂O → HCl + HOCl → [O] (bleaching) |
Hydrogen Chloride:
Preparation:
- NaCl + H₂SO₄ → HCl
Physical Properties:
- Colourless gas
- Pungent smell
- Highly soluble in water
Chemical Properties:
- Acidic:
HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + Cl⁻ - With NH₃:
NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl
Special (Aqua Regia)
- Au + aqua regia → AuCl₄⁻
Used for dissolving noble metals
