Topics
Introduction
- A Simple Economy
- Central Problems of an Economy
- Concepts of Production Possibility Frontier
- Organisation of Economic Activities
- Positive and Normative Economics
- Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Introductory Macroeconomics
Introduction
- How Macroeconomics Differs from Microeconomics
- Representative Goods and Sectors
- Macroeconomic Agents and Government Role
- Emergence of Macroeconomics
- Context of the Present Book of Macroeconomics
Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence
- Introduction to Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence
- Low Level of Economic Development Under the Colonial Rule
- Agricultural Sector in India
- Industrial Sector
- Foreign Trade of India
- Demographic Condition
- Occupational Structure
- Infrastructure
National Income Accounting
- Meaning of Economic Wealth and Final Goods
- Stocks, Flows, and Depreciation
- Capital Formation, Trade-off & Circular Flow of Income
- Circular Flow of Income and Methods of Calculating National Income
- Output Method/Product Method
- Expenditure Method
- Income Method
- Factor Cost, Basic Prices and Market Prices
- Some Macroeconomic Identities
- National Disposable Income
- Private Income
- National Income Aggregates
- Real GDP and Nominal GDP
- GDP and Welfare
Indian Economy 1950-1990
Indian Economic Development
Theory of Consumer Behaviour
- Consumer Behaviour: The Problem of Choice
- Basic Concepts of Microeconomics > Utility
- Cardinal Approach (Utility Analysis)
- Derivation of Demand Curve in the Case of a Single Commodity
- Ordinal Utility Analysis/Indifference Curve Analysis
Production and Costs
- Production Function
- Basics of Production Theory
- Variation of Output in the Short-Run Returns to a Factor
- Relation Between Total, Average and Marginal Product
- Law of Variable Proportions
- Average and Marginal Physical Products
- Changes in Production
- Cost - Fixed Cost
- Cost -variable Cost
- Behaviour of Cost in the Short - Run
- Relationship Between Average Variable Cost and Average Total Cost and Marginal Cost
- Concept of Opportunity Cost
- Marginal Revenue
- Producer's Equilibrium
- Law of Supply
- Market Supply Schedule
- Distinguish between Stock and Supply
- Determinants of Supply
- Movements Along and Shifts in Supply Curve
- Measurement of Elasticity of Supply
- Methods of Measurement of National Income
- Cost Concepts > Marginal Cost
- The Law of Diminishing Marginal Product
- Shapes of Product Curves
- Costs in Long Run Period
- Returns to Scale
Money and Banking
- Concept of Money
- Functions of Money
- Demand for Money and Supply of Money
- Money Creation by Banking System
- Limits to Credit Creation and Money Multiplier
- Policy Tools To Control Money Supply
- Demand and Supply for Money : A Detailed Discussion
- The Transaction Motive
- The Speculative Motive
- Various Measures of Supply of Money
- Legal Definitions: Narrow and Broad Money
- Demonetisation
Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation : An Appraisal
Introductory Microeconomics
Determination of Income and Employment
- Aggregate Demand and Its Components
- Consumption
- Consumption and Saving Propensities
- Investment
- Determination of Income in Two-sector Model
- Determination of Equilibrium Income in the Short Run
- Macroeconomic Equilibrium with Price Level Fixed
- Effect of an Autonomous Change in Aggregate Demand on Income and Output
- The Multiplier Mechanism
- Paradox of Thrift
- Equilibrium Output and Employment
The Theory of the Firm Under Perfect Competition
- Concept of Market
- Market Equilibrium
- Determination of Market Equilibrium
- Effect of Simultaneous change in Demand and Supply on Equilibrium Price
- Perfect Competition
- Imperfect Competition
- Classification of Market Structure
- Oligopoly
- Market Forms - Perfect Oligopoly
- Market Forms - Imperfect Oligopoly
- Equilibrium Price
- Applications of Tools of Demand and Supply Price Control
- Price Ceiling
- Price Floor
- Revenue Concepts
- Profit Maximisation Objective
- Determinants of a Firm’s Supply Curve
- Market Supply Schedule
- Price Elasticity of Supply
Human Capital Formation in India
Market Equilibrium
- Simple Monopoly in the Commodity Market
- Other Non - Perfectly Competitive Markets
Government Budget and the Economy
Rural Development
Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues
- The Nature and Importance of Work in Society
- Workers and Employment
- Participation of People in Employment
- Self-employed and Hired Workers
- Employment in Firms, Factories and Offices
- Growth and Changing Structure of Employment
- Informalisation of Indian Workforce
- Concept of Unemployment
- Government and Employment Generation
Open Economy Macroeconomics
- Open Economy and Its Linkages
- Concept of Balance of Payments
- Current Account
- Capital Account
- Balance of Payments Surplus and Deficit
- Foreign Exchange Market
- Foreign Exchange Rate
- Determination of the Exchange Rate
- Merits and Demerits of Flexible and Fixed Exchange Rate Systems
- Managed Floating Exchange Rate System
Environment and Sustainable Development
Comparative Development Experiences of India and Its Neighbours
- Comparative Development Strategies: India, China, and Pakistan
- Developmental Path - a Snapshot View
- Demographic Indicators
- Gross Domestic Product and Sectors
- Indicators of Human Development
- Development Strategies - an Appraisal
- Introduction
- Key Concepts
- Consumer Equilibrium
- Real-Life Application
- Key Point Summary
CISCE: Class 12
Introduction
Cardinal Utility Analysis is a theory that explains how consumers decide what and how much to buy, aiming to maximise their satisfaction (utility) using their limited income. Utility is measured as numbers (1, 2, 3…), meaning the benefit or satisfaction gained from consuming goods can be quantified. This helps explain why demand rises when the price falls.
CISCE: Class 12
Key Concepts
| Concept | Definition | Formula/Example |
|---|---|---|
| Utility | Satisfaction gained from consuming a product | Eating an apple gives you “10 utils” of utility |
| Total Utility (TU) | Total satisfaction from all units consumed | TU₃ (three bananas) = 22 utils |
| Marginal Utility (MU) | Extra satisfaction from consuming one more unit | MU₃ = TU₃ – TU₂ (22 – 18 = 4) |
CISCE: Class 12
Consumer Equilibrium
- Consumers try to get the best value for their money by balancing spending so the marginal utility per rupee spent is equal for all goods.
- This balancing is called “equilibrium”, and it lets consumers maximise overall satisfaction.
CISCE: Class 12
Real-Life Application
Imagine eating chocolate:
- The first chocolate gives the most joy.
- The second and third still taste good, but they are slightly less fun.
- By the fourth or fifth, the excitement drops—and you might not want any more.
CISCE: Class 12
Key Point Summary
- Utility can be measured in numbers (“cardinal” units).
- Total utility: All satisfaction from consuming a product.
- Marginal utility: The change in satisfaction from one more unit.
- Consumer equilibrium: Spend money so that every rupee gives the same satisfaction across products.
Test Yourself
Related QuestionsVIEW ALL [12]
Match the following items in Group A to that in Group B and choose the correctly matched pair.
| Group A | Group B |
| (1) Assumption of Law of diminishing marginal utility. | (a) Homogeneous units of commodity |
| (2) Assumption of Law of equimarginal utility | (b) Continuous consumption without any time lag. |
| (3) Assumption of Law of diminishing total utility. | (c) Standard units of commodity |
| (4) Assumptions of Law of diminishing utility | (d) No change in tastes, preferences, or income of the consumer. |
Identify the correctly matched pair of column A to that of Column B:
| Column A | Column B |
| (1) Marginal Utility | (a) The power or capacity of a commodity to satisfy human wants. |
| (2) Cardinal measure of utility | (b) The addition to total utility on consuming an additional unit of a commodity. |
| (3) Total Utility | (c) It is the sum total of utility derived from the consumption of all units of a commodity. |
| (4) Utility | (d) It is that measurement of utility, which is measured in terms of units. |
