Nootan solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC chapter 2 - Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants [Latest edition]

Fertilization of the egg takes place inside the ______.

A grain of maize is the ______.

The secondary nucleus of an angiosperm after fertilization is ______.

The perisperm is the remaining ______.

Double fertilization is the fusion of the male gamete with the ______.

The ovule is comparable to ______.

After fertilization, fruit is derived from ______.

In angiosperms, the embryo sac represents ______.

Entrance of a pollen tube into an ovule through the micropyle is called ______.

A pollen grain is best defined as a ______.

In maize grain, scutellum represents ______.

If the endosperm cell of an angiosperm contains 24 chromosomes, the number of chromosomes in the root tip cells will be ______.

After fertilization the seed coats develop from ______.

Cheiropteriphily is the name given to pollination by ______.

The process of pollen transfer from anther to stigma of a flower is known as ______.

Cross-pollination is favoured by:

Seed dormancy is associated with:

A flower with sepals, petals, stamens and carpels is said to be ______.

The shoot apical meristem in a dicot embryo is located ______.

The innermost layer of the anther wall is tapetum which ______.

In a bisexual flower when the gynoecium matures earlier than the anthers, the phenomenon is called ______.

Flowers emit fragrance ______.

The endosperm in angiosperms is developed from ______.

Double fertilization is characteristic of ______.

The main function of cotyledons in a seed is to ______.

Meiotic divisions in an ovule take place in ______.

Vallisneria spiralis is a classical example of ______.

A pollen tube of a flowering plant is the ______.

Which of the following plants bears anemophilous flowers?

Which of these is mismatched?

Which of the following is mismatched?

A pollen grain is ______.

The part of the flower that contains ovules is ______.

Which of the following is mismatched?

Which of the following is mismatched?

Male gametophytes of flowering plants produce ______, and the female gametophytes produce ______.

Seeds are mature ______ whereas the fruits are mature ______.

A ______ is a closed vessel that contains an ovary in which eggs develop, fertilization occurs and seeds mature.

After meiosis within pollen sacs, haploid structures formed is called ______.

Following meiosis in ovules, how many megaspores are formed?

The seed coat is formed from which of the following structure(s)?

Cotyledons develop as part of ______.

The male gametophyte of an angiosperm consists of ______.

A fruit is ______.

Which of the following structures are incorrectly paired?

In double fertilization, both of the sperm nuclei ______.

The basal cell in a zygote ______.

A fruit is a ______.

Which of the following statements about the hypocotyl hook is not true?

Which of the following conditions is needed by almost all seeds to break dormancy?

Which of the following is not an example of the artificial propagation?

Which of the following pairs of terms is a correct match?

Which of the following structures is unique to the seed of a monocot?

Development of a new plant from a tissue or structure that drops or is separated from the parent plant is called ______.

In plants ______.

The megaspore mother cell and the microspore mother cell ______.

Which of these is not a fruit?

Animals assist with ______.

A seed contains:

Triple fusion involves ______.

Which one of the following plays a significant role in the nature of fruit development from a flower?

How many meiotic divisions are required to produce 400 pollen grains in an angiosperm?

Which of the following is a post-fertilization event in flowering plants?

The number of chromosomes in the shoot tip cells of a wheat plant is 42. The number of chromosomes in the microspore mother cells of the same plant shall be ______.

During microsporogenesis, meiosis occurs in ______.

The phenomenon wherein, the ovary develops into a fruit without fertilisation is called ______.

After fertilization, the integuments of an ovule develop into ______.

A dicotyledonous plant bears flowers but never produces fruits and seeds. The most probable cause for the above situation is that the plant is ______.

From among the sets of terms given below, identify those that are associated with the gynoecium:

Autogamy can occur in a chasmogamous flower if ______.

Choose the correct statement from the following:

A monocotyledonous plant produces light, non-sticky pollen in large numbers and its stigmas are long and feathery. These modifications facilitate pollination by ______.

In a fertilized embryo sac, the haploid, diploid and triploid structures are ______.

While planning for an artificial hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, which of the following steps would not be relevant?

The phenomenon observed in some plants wherein parts of the sexual apparatus are used for forming embryos without fertilization is called ______.

Which one of the following plants preserves food material in its inflorescence?

The point where the funicle is attached to the body of the ovule is called ______.

Double fertilization means ______.

The entry of pollen tube through integument is called:

The father of Indian Plant Embryology is ______.

Polyembryony was discovered by ______.

After pollination a pollen grain has three haploid nuclei : one ______ nucleus and two ______ nuclei.

An embryo sac has eight nuclei : at the chalazal end are the three ______, in the middle are the two ______ and at the micropylar end are the two ______ and the one ______.

In many dicots the food reserves of the endosperm are transferred to the ______ before the seed becomes mature.

A ______ fruit is derived from one carpel or the fused carpels of a single flower, whereas an ______ fruit is derived from several carpels of a single flower.

An ovule is called ______ when its chalaza and micropyle are in an opposite direction on a straight line.

Feathery stigma and light pollen grains are the characteristic feature of flowers adapted for ______.

The undifferentiated tissue formed after triple fusion is called ______.

The plants obtained from pollen are genetically ______.

Dichogamy is a contrivance for ______ pollination.

A carpel is composed of three parts : ______, ______ and ______.

The part of the embryo above the cotyledons is called ______.

In a seed, the embryo and its food supply are enclosed within a ______ formed by the outer tissues of the ______.

The flowers that never open are called ______.

When the pollen grains in a pollen sac are agglutinated into a mass, it is called ______.

In angiosperms the endosperm is a ______ tissue.

After pollination in flowers the non-essential organs ______.

The pollination by bats is known as ______.

Milky water of green coconuts is ______.

When the pollen tube enters the embryo sac through the micropyle it is known as ______.

State whether the following statement is true or false.

A carpel may be regarded as a modified microsporophyll.

State whether the following statement is true or false.

The process of double fertilization, discovered by Nawaschin in 1898, is exclusive to the angiosperms.

State whether the following statement is true or false.

Ovules are classified on the basis of the position of the micropyle with respect to the funicle.

State whether the following statement is true or false.

Anemophilous flowers are conspicuous and brightly coloured.

State whether the following statement is true or false.

The female gametophyte in angiosperms itself acts as an endosperm.

State whether the following statement is true or false.

A clone is a group of genetically identical individuals developed as a result of sexual reproduction.

State whether the following statement is true or false.

Formation of fruit without fertilization is called parthenogenesis.

State whether the following statement is true or false.

In maize grain, the pericarp remains fused with testa.

State whether the following statement is true or false.

Insects visit flowers to help in pollination.

State whether the following statement is true or false.

In maize grain, the plumule remains covered by a protective sheath called the coleorhiza.

How many nuclei are present in a fully developed male gametophyte of flowering plants?

Name the tissue in the fertilized ovule that supplies nourishment to the embryo.

Which nuclei fuse to give rise to endosperm?

How many meiotic divisions are necessary to produce 200 pollen grains in a gram plant?

Who discovered double fertilization in angiosperms?

What is geitonogamy?

If the haploid number of chromosomes in a species is 15, how many chromosomes are present in its root tip?

If the haploid number of chromosomes in a species is 15, how many chromosomes are present in its shoot tip?

If the haploid number of chromosomes in a species is 15, how many chromosomes are present in its microspore mother cell?

If the haploid number of chromosomes in a species is 15, how many chromosomes are present in its pollen grain?

If the haploid number of chromosomes in a species is 15, how many chromosomes are present in its embryo?

If the haploid number of chromosomes in a species is 15, how many chromosomes are present in its endosperm?

What adaptations are seen in a papilionaceous flower to ensure cross-pollination?

Describe any three adaptations in anemophilous flowers.

Name the kind of pollination in maize.

Which family of flowering plants has the smallest seeds?

Arrange the following in chronological order in the life cycle of an angiosperm.

1. Flower
2. Sporophytic plant
3. Seed
4. Fertilization
5. Megaspore - microspore
6. Endosperm - embryo
7. Megaspore mother cell - microspore mother cell
8. Female gametophyte with egg - male gametophyte with sperm nuclei

What is ornithophily?

What do you call the sheath covering the plumule?

What is a “false fruit”? Give one example.

What do the following parts form in a fruit?

Ovary wall, outer integument, inner integument, zygote, primary endosperm nucleus, ovule.

What is double fertilization?

What shield-shaped single cotyledon of monocots is called?

Name a plant where an orthotropous ovule is found.

Name a plant which produces cleistogamic flowers.

Name a plant where dichogamy is found.

What features of flowers facilitate pollination by birds?

What technical term is used for pollination by bats?

Give one example of bat-pollinated flowers.

What technical term is applied to fruits formed without fertilization?

Name the essential whorls of a flower.

Mention any two characteristics of the pollen grains of maize.

Mention any two characteristics of the pollen grains of maize.

Write the best known contribution of the scientist Nawaschin.

Mention the most significant function/role of the nucellus.

Give the exact location of the embryo sac?

Give the function of the embryo sac.

Flowers that bloom at night are usually small and white but give out a strong scent. Why do they do so?

Where does the fertilization of the egg take place in angiospermic plants?

What is cheiropteriphily?

The meiocyte of rice has 24 chromosomes. Write the number of chromosomes in its endosperm.

The seed coat forms from which structures of the ovule?

Name the structure which is unique to the seed of a monocot.

Give the scientific term for the development of more than one embryo in a seed.

Give the scientific term for the development of an embryo from the egg without the process of fertilization.

Mention the most significant function of tapetum cells.

Why are pollen grains produced in enormous quantity in maize?

Give the technical term for the flowers pollinated by honey bees and butterflies. List any two special features of such flowers.

Define parthenocarpy. Give one example in which it occurs naturally.

Name the cell from which the endosperm of coconut develops.

Give the characteristic features of the endosperm of coconut.

What do you technically call the water that you drink and the kernel that you eat in a tender coconut?

A bilobed, dithecous anther has 100 microspore mother cells per microsporangium. How many male gametophytes can this anther produce?

An anther with malfunctioning tapetum often fails to produce viable male gametophytes. Give any one reason.

Write the characteristic features of anther of wind-pollinated flowers.

How do flowers reward their insect pollinators? Explain.

Write the function of tapetum in anther.

State one advantage of cleistogamy.

State one disadvantage of cleistogamy.

Name the part of the ovule of an angiosperm that develops into the perisperm.

Name the part of the ovule of an angiosperm that develops into the seed coats.

Name the part of the embryo sac of an angiosperm that develops into the endosperm.

How does cleistogamy ensure autogamy?

What is the fate of the egg cell after fertilization?

What is the fate of the polar nuclei after fertilization?

State the function of the filiform apparatus found in the mature embryo sac of an angiosperm.

Name the mechanism responsible for the formation of seed without fertilization in angiosperms. Give an example of a species of flowering plant with such seed formation.

Mature seeds of legumes are non-albuminous. Then can it be assumed that double fertilization does not occur in legumes? Explain your answer.

Mention the pollinating agent of an inflorescence of small dull coloured flowers with well exposed stamens and large feathery stigma. Give any one characteristic of pollen grains produced by such flowers.

Pea flowers produce assured seed sets. Give a reason.

Write the function of germ pores.

Give one example of an albuminous seed.

Give one example of a non-albuminous seed.

Name the organic material of which the exine of an angiosperm pollen grain is made.

Write the function of the scutellum.

Write the function of the coleorhiza.

Mention the exact location or the site in a flowering plant where the following development takes place:

Deposition of sporopollenin

Mention the exact location or the site in a flowering plant where the following development takes place:

Triple fusion

Mention the exact location or the site in a flowering plant where the following development takes place:

Release of male gametes

Mention the exact location or the site in a flowering plant where the following development takes place:

Megasporogenesis

Name the part of the gynoecium that determines the compatible nature of pollen.

Can an unfertilized, apomictic embryo sac give rise to a diploid embryo?

Name the component cells of the ‘egg apparatus’ in an embryo sac.

Are pollination and fertilization necessary in apomixis?

Name the triploid tissue in a fertilized ovule.

Explain the term perianth.

A single pea plant in your kitchen garden produces pods with viable seeds, but the individual papaya plant does not. Explain.

Give a scientific term for the following:

Entry of a pollen tube into an ovule through integuments.

Define actinomorphic symmetry.

Name the common function that cotyledons and nucellus perform.

Which are the three cells found in a pollen grain when it is shed at the three celled stage?

Name the parts of the gynoecium which develop into fruit and seeds.

In case of polyembryony, if an embryo develops from the synergid and another from the nucellus which is haploid and which is diploid?

Pollen grains of wind-pollinated flowers are produced in large quantities.

Can a plant flowering in Mumbai be pollinated by pollen grains of the same species growing in New Delhi? Provide explanations to your answer.

Mention the ploidy of the different types of cells present in the female gametophyte of an angiosperm.

How many nuclei are present in the Polygonum type of embryo sac?

What is the significance of the dispersal of seeds? Give any two points.

With the help of suitable diagrams, trace the growth of the pollen tube right from the deposition of the pollen grain on the stigma up to fertilization.

By means of labelled diagrams only, bring out the essential differences in the structure of a dicotyledonous and a monocotyledonous seed.

In what ways does the study of pollination enrich our understanding of biology and enable us to apply it for increasing crop productivity? 

What develops into a microspore mother cell in a flower? Trace the development of this cell into a pollen grain that is ready for germination. Draw a labeled figure of a mature pollen grain.

Name two unique features regarding the reproduction of flowering plants.

Describe the development of a female gametophyte from the megaspore to the production of an egg.

Describe the development of the male gametophyte from the microspore mother cell to the production of sperm.

Describe the sequence of events as a dicot zygote becomes an embryo enclosed within a seed.

Differentiate between wind and insect-pollinated flowers.

Explain the different types of endosperms in angiosperms. 

Describe the development of the female gametophyte in angiosperms.

Describe the events that take place during fertilization in an angiosperm.

Sketch and label the V. S. of a mature anatropous ovule.

Draw a labelled diagram of the L.S. of anatropous ovule.

Give reasons why endosperm in angiosperms becomes triploid.

What is meant by pollination?

Describe the pollination brought through the agency of insects and explain with suitable examples the adaptations of plants for this type of pollination.

Describe the events that take place between pollination and fertilization in plants.

Describe the formation of an embryo from a fertilized egg in angiosperms.

Give four adaptations in flowers pollinated by insects.

With the help of diagrams, name and describe the different types of placentation seen in angiosperms.

Explain the development of an anther in angiosperms.

Explain the formation of microspores in angiosperms.

Draw a labelled diagram of the L.S. of anatropous ovule.

Draw a labeled diagram of a mature embryo sac.

State four features of flowers pollinated by insects.

Explain the different types of endosperms in angiosperms. 

Draw a labelled diagram of the T.S. of a mature anther. 

How many pollen grains will be formed after meiotic division in 25 microspore mother cells?

If the root cells of an angiosperm have 38 chromosomes, then the number of chromosomes in the primary endosperm nucleus of this plant will be ______.

The main constituent of the intine layer of the pollen grain is ______.

The compatibility of the pollen-pistil interaction is determined by ______.

Which of the following statements is not true?

Which of the following animals does not have oestrus cycle?

Assertion: The first cell of the suspensor towards the micropyle in a dicot embryo becomes swollen to form the haustorium.

Reason: The haustorium absorbs food material for the developing embryo.

Arrange the following terms in the correct developmental sequence:

Pollen grain, sporogenous tissue, microspore tetrad, pollen mother cell, male gametes.

If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of growth substances, which fruits would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?

Give reasons why endosperm in angiosperms becomes triploid.

Define triple fusion. What is the product of this process? What does the product develop into?

If you squeeze a seed of orange, you might observe many embryos of different sizes. How is it possible? Are these embryos genetically similar or different? Comment.

Why are some seeds of Citrus referred to as polyembryonic? How are they formed?

Mention one advantage of apomictic seeds to farmers.

Angiosperm flowers may be monoecious, cleistogamous or show self-incompatibility. Describe the characteristic features of each one of them and state which one of these flowers promotes inbreeding and outbreeding, respectively.

Make a list of any three outbreeding devices that flowering plants have developed and explain how they help to encourage cross-pollination.

Some angiosperm seeds are said to be ‘albuminous’, whereas few others are said to have a perisperm. Explain each with the help of an example.

What is geitonogamy?

Give one similarity between geitonogamy and autogamy.

How are parthenocarpic fruits produced by some plants and apomictic seeds by some others? Explain when do farmers prefer using apomictic seeds.

Are pollination and fertilization necessary in apomixis? Give reasons.

In a flowering plant a microspore mother cell produces four male gametophytes, while a megaspore mother cell forms only one female gametophyte. Explain.

Why certain angiospermic seeds are albuminous while others are exalbuminous? Explain.

Name the parts of an angiosperm flower in which development of male and female gametophytes takes place.

Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis.

What type of cell division occurs during microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis events?

Name the structures formed at the end of microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis events.

Arrange the following terms in the correct developmental sequence:

Pollen grain, sporogenous tissue, microspore tetrad, pollen mother cell, male gametes.

With a neat, labelled diagram, describe the parts of a typical angiosperm ovule.

What is meant by monosporic development of the female gametophyte?

With a neat diagram, explain the 7-celled, 8-nucleate nature of the female gametophyte.

What are chasmogamous flowers?

Can cross-pollination occur in cleistogamous flowers? Give reasons for your answer.

Mention two strategies that evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.

What is self-incompatibility?

Why does self-pollination not lead to seed formation in self-incompatible species?

What is the bagging technique?

How is the bagging technique useful in a plant breeding programme?

What is triple fusion?

Where and how does triple fusion take place?

Name the nuclei involved in triple fusion.

Why do you think the zygote is dormant for sometime in a fertilised ovule?

Differentiate between hypocotyl and epicotyl.

Differentiate between coleoptile and coleorhiza.

Differentiate between integument and testa.

Differentiate between perisperm and pericarp.

Why is apple called a false fruit? Which part(s) of the flower forms the fruit?

What is meant by emasculation?

When and why does a plant breeder employ the emasculation technique?

If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of growth substances, which fruits would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?

What is apomixis?

What is the importance of apomixis?

A non biology person is quite shocked to know that apple is a false fruit, mango is a true fruit and banana is a seedless fruit. As a biology student how would you satisfy this person?

A flower of brinjal plant following the process of sexual reproduction produces 360 viable seeds.

Answer the following questions, giving reasons:

1. How many ovules are minimally involved?
2. How many megaspore mother cells are involved?
3. What is the minimum number of pollen grains that must land on the stigma for pollination?
4. How many male gametes are involved in the above case?
5. How many microspore mother cells must have undergone reduction division prior to dehiscence of the anther in the above case?

1. Plan an experiment and prepare a flow chart of the steps that you would follow to ensure that the seeds are formed only from the desired sets of pollen grains. Name the type of experiment that you carried out.
2. Write the importance of such experiments.

Read the following statement and answer the questions that follow:

“A guava fruit has 200 viable seeds.”

1. What are viable seeds?
2. Write the total number of: (i) pollen grains (ii) gametes in producing 200 viable guava seeds.
3. Prepare a flowchart to depict the post-pollination events leading to viable-seed production in a flowering plant.

Differentiate between apocarpous ovary and syncarpous ovary.

Differentiate between apomixis and apogamy.

Differentiate between autogamy and geitonogamy.

Differentiate between embryo sac and endosperm.

Differentiate between endospermic and non-endospermic seeds.

Differentiate between fertilization and double fertilization.

Differentiate between geitonogamy and xenogamy (allogamy).

Differentiate between hypogynous, perigynous and epigynous flowers.

Differentiate between mesogamy and porogamy.

Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis.

Differentiate between monoecious and dioecious plants.

Differentiate between parthenocarpy and apomixis.

Differentiate between parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis. Give one example of each.

Differentiate between parthenocarpy and polyembryony.

Differentiate between perisperm and endosperm.

Differentiate between perisperm and pericarp.

List any two differences between pollination and fertilization.

Differentiate between true and false fruits.

Differentiate between wind and insect-pollinated flowers.