NEET (UG) Chemistry Syllabus: Check the Latest Syllabus

• Three States of Matter
• Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

• Definition: Accuracy
• Definition: Precision
• Definition: Uncertainty
• Activity: Measuring with Uncertainty
• Real-Life Examples

• Introduction
• Experiment

• Definition: Limiting Reagent or Limiting Reactant
• Law: Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes

• Definition: Atom
• Definition: Molecule
• Definition: Avogadro's Law

• Introduction of Atomic Mass
• Properties of Mass Number
• Determination of Relative Atomic Mass

• Introduction
• Examples

• Definition: Isobars
• Examples

• Definition: Isotopes
• Examples

• Photoelectric Effect
• Dual Behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation

• Definition: Chemical Bond

• Definition: Periodic Trends
• Definition: valency

• Definition: Ion
• Definition: Cation
• Definition: Anion
• Definition: Electropositive Element
• Definition: Electronegative Element
• Definition: Electrovalent Bond
• Definition: Electrovalent (or Ionic) Compounds
• Definition: Electrovalency

• Bond Parameters
• Bond length
• Bond order
• Bond angle
• Bond enthalpy
• Resonance

• Relation between standard Gibbs energy change and equilibrium constant

• Henry's law

• Definition: Elements
• Definition: Modern Periodic Table
• Key Points: Modern Periodic Table

• Introduction
• Definition: Ionic Compounds
• Table: Electronic Configurations
• Key Points: Electronic Configurations

• Definition: Organic Chemistry
• Definition: Inorganic Chemistry

• Key Points: Rules of Nomenclature

• Definition: Homologous Series
• Key Points: Homologous Series

• Definition: Isomers

• Introduction
• Definition: Sublimation
• Experiment: Sublimation

• Definition: Hydrocarbons
• Definition: Saturated Hydrocarbons
• Definition: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
• Definition: Alkanes
• Definition: Alkenes
• Definition: Alkynes
• Key Points: Hydrocarbons

• Definition: Alkanes

• Definition: Alkenes

• Definition: Alkynes

• General introduction of p-block elements
• Electronic configuration of p-block elements
• General characteristics of p-block elements

1. Oxidation states
2. Metallic and nonmetallic character
3. Variation in physical properties
4. Difference in behaviour of first element of each group

• Preparation of aluminium
• Properties of aluminium
• Reaction with acids
• Reaction with alkalies

• The tendency for catenation

• Definition: Aromatic Compounds
• Key Points: Straight Chains, Branched Chains, and Rings of Carbon Atoms

• Graphite
• Experiment
• Uses of Graphite

• Fullerene
• Uses of Fullerene

• Crystalline Forms
• Diamond
• Uses of Diamond

• Hydrogen
• Position of hydrogen in the periodic table

• Occurrence of dihydrogen
• Isotopes of Hydrogen
• Physical constants of H₂, D₂, and T₂

• Preparation of Dihydrogen

• By the action of water with metals
• By the action of water on alkali and alkaline earth metal hydrides
• By the reaction of metals like Zn, Sn, and Al with alkalies (NaOH or KOH)
• By the action of metals with acids
• By the electrolysis of acidified water
• Laboratory method
• Preparation of pure hydrogen
• Commercial Production of Dihydrogen
  1) From hydrocarbon or coal
  2) Bosch process
  3) Lane's process
  4) By electrolysis of water

• Physical Properties
• Physical constants of atomic and molecular properties
• Chemical Properties

1. Reaction with metals
2. Reaction with non-metals
3. Reaction with metal ions and metal oxides
4. Reaction with organic compounds

• Uses of Dihydrogen

• Hydrides
• Classification of hydrides

1. Saline or ionic hydrides
2. Molecular or covalent hydrides
   a. Electron-rich molecular hydrides
   b. Electron-precise molecular hydrides
   c. Electron-deficient molecular hydrides
3. Metallic or non-stoichiometric (or interstitial) hydrides

• Physical Properties of Water:

1. Nature
2. Boiling point
3. The freezing point of water or melting point of ice
4. Density
5. Anomalous expansion of water
6. Latent heat of fusion of ice
7. Latent heat of vaporization of water
8. Specific heat capacity

• Chemical properties

1. Dissociation of water
2. Amphoteric nature
3. Oxidising and reducing nature
4. Hydrolytic reactions
5. Formation of hydrates with metal salts

• Soft and Hard water
• Types of Hard water

1. Temporary Hardness
2. Permanent Hardness

• Softening of water

1. Removal of temporary hardness
   a) By boiling
   b) Clark's method
2. Removal of permanent hardness
   a) By washing soda method
   b) lon-exchange/Permutit method
   c) Calgon method
   d) Synthetic resins method
   ⇒ Ion exchange resins are of two types
   i) Cation exchange resins
   ii) Anion exchange resins

• Degree of hardness of water

• Heavy water (D₂O)
• Preparation
• Properties of heavy water
• Reactions
• Uses of heavy water

• Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)
• Preparation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)

1. Merck's. process (Laboratory method)
2. By the action of sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid on hydrated barium peroxide BaO₂.8H₂O
3. Industrial method
4. By redox process

• Preparation of Deuterium

• Electrolysis of heavy water

• Preparation of Tritium

• Chemical properties of H₂O₂

1. Decomposition
2. Oxidizing and reducing nature
3. Oxidizing character
4. Reducing character
5. Bleaching action
6. Storage of H₂O₂

• Experiment 1
• Experiment 2
• Experiment 3
• Experiment 4
• Substance (Matter)
• Physical Nature of matter
• Chemical properties

• Three States of Matter
• Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

• Definition: Gas Equation
• Definition: Absolute Scale or Klevin Scale

• Introduction
• Definition: Ideal Gas Equation
• Deriving the Ideal Gas Equation
• Formula Combines Gas Law
• Example
• Key Points: Ideal Gas Equation

• Real gases
• Reasons for deviations
• van der Waals equation for real gases
• Effect of pressure
• Compressibility factor (Z)
• Effect of temperature
• Compressibility factor for real gases
• Pressure-Volume isotherms of Carbon dioxide
• Difference between Ideal gas and real gas

• Liquefaction of gases
• Critical constants
  i) Critical temperature
  ii) Critical pressure
  iii) Critical volume
• Isotherms of CO₂

• Environment
• Elements of environment
  1) Non-living or Physical
  2) Living or Biological
• Environmental chemistry
• Goals of environmental chemistry

• Smog
• Types of smog

1. Classical or London smog
2. Photochemical smog or Los Angeles smog

• Effects of smog
• Control of photochemical smog

• Key Points: Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

• Types of industrial waste

1. Biodegradable wastes
2. Non-biodegradable wastes

• Fluoride, Lead, Sulphate, Nitrate, Other metals

• Strategy to control environmental pollution

1. Incineration
2. Digestion
3. Collection and disposal
4. Sewage treatment
5. Other strategies

• Dry Cleaning of Clothes
• Bleaching of Paper
• Synthesis of Chemicals
• ‘Green Solution’ to Clean Turbid Water

• Oxides and hydroxides
• Halides
• Salts of Oxo-Acids

• Points of Difference between Lithium and other Alkali Metals
• Anomalous behaviour of lithium
• Lithium differs from other alkali metals
• Diagonal relationship of Li with Mg
• Similarities between Li and Mg

• Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda), Na₂CO₃ 10H₂O
• Sodium Chloride, NaCl
• Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda), NaOH
• Sodium Hydrogencarbonate (Baking Soda), NaHCO₃

• General characteristics of some compounds of the alkaline earth metals

1. Oxides and Hydroxides
2. Halides - Structure of BeCl₂
3. Salts of Oxoacids

• Carbonates of group 2 elements
• Sulphates of group 2 elements
• Nitrates of group 2 elements

• Anomalous behaviour of beryllium
• Be differs from other alkaline earth metals
• Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminium
• Reasons for diagonal relationship
• Similarities between Be and Al

• Calcium oxide or Quick Lime (CaO)
• Uses of lime
• Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked lime), Ca(OH)₂
• Uses of slaked lime
• Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) or limestone
• Uses of limestone
• Calcium Sulphate (Plaster of Paris), CaSO₄.½ H₂O
• Uses of plaster of Paris
• Uses of cement

• Role of Mg in biological system
• Role of Ca in biological system

• Biomolecules
• Importance of biomolecules

• Optical activity

• Definition: Functional Group

• Halogen derivatives of alkanes and arenes
• Haloalkanes

• Classification of haloalkanes

• Classification of haloalkanes on the basis of the number of halogen atoms

1. Monohaloalkanes
2. Dihaloalkanes
3. Trihaloalkanes
4. Polyhaloalkanes

• Classification of monohalocompounds on the basis of hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the halogen is bonded (nature of C-X bond)

1. Compounds Containing sp³ C—X Bond (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
2. Compounds Containing sp² C—X Bond

1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions
2. Elimination reactions
3. Reaction with metals
4. Laboratory test for haloalkanes

• Optical activity
• Chirality
• Enantiomers
• Racemic mixture
• R, S configuration

• Nucleophilic substitution (S_N) reaction
• S_N2 Mechanism
• S_N1 Mechanism
• Comparison between S_N2 and S_N1 reaction

• Nomenclature of haloarenes
• Nature of C- X bond in haloarenes
• Methods of preparation
• Physical properties
• Chemical properties

1. Substitution reactions
2. Reactions with metals
3. Nucleophilic substitution reactions
4. Electrophilic substitution reactions: Halogenation, Nitration, Friedel-Craft's reaction, Sulphonation
5. Reaction with sodium metal: Wurtz Fittig reaction, Fittig reaction

• Classification of ketones

1. Simple or symmetrical ketones
2. Mixed or unsymmetrical ketones

• Definition: Carboxylic Acid
• Formula: Carboxylic Acid
• Key Points: Carboxylic Acid

• Classification of carboxylic acids

1. Aliphatic carboxylic acids
   a) Mono-carboxylic acids
   b) Dicarboxylic acids
   c) Tricarboxylic acids
   d) Polycarboxylic acids
2. Aromatic carboxylic acids
   a) Aromatic mono-carboxylic acids
   b) Aromatic dicarboxylic acids

• Electrodes
• Types of electrodes

1. Metal-metal ions electrode
2. Metal-sparingly soluble salt electrode
3. Gas electrode (non metal-non metal ion electrode)
4. Redox electrode

• Definition: Electrochemical Series

• Gibbs energy change and e.m.f. of a cell
• Standard cell potential and equilibrium constant

• Definition: Corrosion

• Key Points: Prevention of Corrosion

• Definition: Minerals
• Definition: Ores
• Key Points: Occurrence of Metals

• Definition: Metallurgy
• Key Points: Metallurgy

• Pulverization
• Concentration of an ore
• Types of separation or concentration of an ore

1. Hydraulic (gravity separation) method or Levigation method
2. Magnetic separation method
3. Froth floatation
4. Chemical method or Leaching
5. Wilfley table method

• Conversion to oxide

1. Calcination
2. Roasting

• Reduction of oxide to the metal

1. Pyrometallurgy
2. Hydrometallurgy
3. Electrometallurgy

• Ellingham diagrams
• Significance of Ellingham diagram
• Limitations of Ellingham diagram
• Selection of reducing agent

• Extraction of iron from its oxides,
• Extraction of copper from cuprous oxide [copper(I) oxide]
• Extraction of zinc from zinc oxide

• Aluminium - Hall-Heroult process
• Copper from Low Grade Ores and Scraps

• Principles and methods of extraction - Refining

1. Distillation
2. Liquation 
3. Electrolytic refining (electrolytic method)
4. Zone refining
5. Vapour phase refining
6. Chromatographic methods

• Aluminium
• Physical Properties of Aluminium
• Chemical Properties of Aluminium
• Uses of Aluminium

• Key Points: Extraction of Metals

• Occurrence
• Extraction of zinc
• Refining

• Surface chemistry
• Surface or interface

• Catalytic activity
• Promoters
• Poisons
• Catalytic selectivity
• Shape-selective catalysis

• Colligative properties
• Tyndall effect
• Colour
• Brownian movement
• Charge on colloidal particles
• Electrophoresis
• Coagulation of lyophilic sols
• Coagulation or precipitation
• Methods to effect coagulation
• Methods to prevent coagulation of colloids (Protection of colloids)

• Colloids in our daily life

1. Natural phenomena
   a) Blue colour of sky and sea
   b) Fog, mist, and rain
   c) Soils
   d) Delta formation
   e) Food articles 
   f) Blood
2. Industrial applications
   a) Electrical precipitation of smoke
   b) Purification of drinking water
   c) Colloidal medicines
   d) Photographic plates
   e) Artificial rain
   f) Rubber industry
   g) Tanning
   h) Miscellaneous

• Classification of Drugs
  (a) On the basis of pharmacological effect
  (b) On the basis of drug action
  (c) On the basis of chemical structure
  (d) On the basis of molecular targets

• Designing of a drug
• Drug target
• Action of drugs on targets

• Catalytic action of enzymes
• Drug-enzyme interaction

• Tranquilizers
• Analgesics
  (i) Non-narcotic (non-addictive) analgesics
  (ii) Narcotic analgesics

• Artificial Sweetening Agents
• Food Preservatives
• Antioxidants in Food

• Oxygen-containing functional groups

1. Alcohols and phenols
2. Ethers

• Classification of alcohols

• On the basis of number of -OH groups

1. Monohydric alcohol
2. Dihydric alcohol
3. Trihydric alcohol
4. Polyhydric alcohol

• On the basis of nature of C-OH bond

1. C_sp3 - OH bond: Alkyl, Allylic, Benzylic alcohols
2. C_sp2 - OH bond

• Isomerism in alcohols

1. Chain isomerism
2. Position isomerism
3. Functional isomerism
4. Optical isomerism
5. Cis-trans isomerism

• Key Points: Physical Properties of Alcohols

• Key Points: Chemical Properties of Alcohols

• Classification of phenols

1. Monohydric phenols
2. Dihydric phenols
3. Tribydric phenols

• Nomenclature of phenols

1. Monohydric phenols
2. Dihydric phenols
3. Trihydric phenols

• Isomerism

1. Chain isomerism
2. Functional isomerism
3. Metamerism

• Three States of Matter
• Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

• Classification of solids

1. Crystalline solids
2. Amorphous solids

• The distinction between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
• Isomorphous solids and polymorphous solids

• Unit cell
• Crystal lattice or space lattice
• Two-dimensional lattice and unit cell
• Three-dimensional lattice and unit cell

• Primitive Unit Cells
• Centred Unit Cells
  1) Body-Centred Unit Cells
  2) Face-Centred Unit Cells
  3) End-Centred Unit Cells
• Bravais lattices

• Primitive Cubic Unit Cell
• Body-Centred Cubic Unit Cell
• Face-Centred Cubic Unit Cell

• Packing in solids
• Close Packing in One Dimension
  1) Coordination number
• Close Packing in Two Dimensions
  1) Square close packing in two dimensions
  2) Hexagonal close packing of spheres in two dimensions
• Close Packing in Three Dimensions
• Three-dimensional close-packed structure

• Stage I - Linear packing in one dimension
• Stage II - Planar packing in two dimensions
  1) AAAA type, square close-packed structure
  2) ABAB type, hexagonal close-packed structure
• Stage III - Close packing in three dimensions
  1) AAAA type, simple cubic structure
  2) ABAB type, hexagonal close-packed structure
  3) ABCABC type, cubic close-packed structure

• Number of voids per atom in hcp and ccp structures
• Locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids: locating tetrahedral voids, Locating octahedral voids

• Calculation of density of unit cell

point defects and line defects

• Mechanism of Addition Polymerisation
  1) Free radical mechanism
• Some Important Addition Polymers
  (a) Polythene
  (i) Low density polythene
  (ii) High density polythene
  (b) Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
  (c) Polyacrylonitrile

• Condensation Polymerisation or Step Growth Polymerisation
• Some Important Condensation Polymers
  (a) Polyamides: Nylons
  (i) Nylon 6, 6
  (ii) Nylon 6
  (b) Polyesters
  (c) Phenol - formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers)
  (d) Melamine - formaldehyde polymer

• Natural rubber (Vulcanisation of rubber),
• Synthetic rubbers

1. Buna-S rubber
2. Buna-N rubber or nitrile rubber
3. Neoprene rubber

Polypropene, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Urea-formaldehyle Resin, Glyptal, Bakelite