Revision: Class 12 >> Chemistry in Everyday Life NEET (UG) Chemistry in Everyday Life

a. Analgesics: The drugs which relieve pain by acting on the central nervous system without loss of consciousness or disturbance of the nervous system are called analgesics.

b. Antimicrobials:
The drugs used to kill or stop the growth of micro-organisms like fungi, bacteria, and virus are called antimicrobial drugs.

The antibiotics which are effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are known as broad spectrum antibiotics.
Examples: Chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin

Limited spectrum antibiotics: Antibiotics which are effective against a single organism or disease are called limited-spectrum antibiotics

Antimicrobials are drugs that kill or inhibit microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi)

Types of Antimicrobials:

Spectrum of Antibiotics:

Cleansing agents are substances used to remove stain, dirt, or clutter from a surface.

Soaps:

• Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids
• Obtained by alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) of natural oils and fats with NaOH or KOH
• Reaction: Natural oil/fat + NaOH/KOH → Soap + Glycerol
• Example: Sodium stearate (C₁₇H₃₅COONa)
• Chemically, soaps are triesters of long chain fatty acids and propan-1,2,3-triol (commonly called glycerol or glycerin)

Synthetic Detergents:

Synthetic detergents work in hard water (unlike soaps). Three types:

Type	Example	Use
Anionic detergents	(Sodium lauryl sulphate) \[CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2OSO_3^{\oplus}Na^{\oplus}\]	Household detergent, additive in toothpaste
Cationic detergents	\[\mathrm{CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{15}-N^{\oplus}(CH_{3})_{3}Br^{\oplus}}\] (Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide)	Hair conditioner, germicide
Non-ionic detergents	\[CH_{3}\left(CH_{2}\right)_{16}-COO\left(CH_{2}CH_{2}O\right)_{n}CH_{2}CH_{2}OH\] (an ester)	Liquid dishwash
		liquid detergent