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Chapters
1: Reproduction in Organisms
2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
3: Human Reproduction
4: Reproductive Health-Problems and Strategies
Unit 2 – Genetics and Evolution
5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
6: Chromosomes, Sex-Linked Inheritance and Human Genetic Disorders
7: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
8: Evolution-Origin of Life
9: Theory of Evolution and Evolution of Man
Unit 3 – Biology and Human Welfare
10: Human Health and Diseases
11: Adolescent Issues: Alcoholism and Drugs
12: Animal Breeding for Improvement in Food Production
13: Plant Breeding to Enhance Food Production
14: Microbes in Human Welfare
Unit 4 – Biotechnology
15: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
16: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Unit 5 – Ecology and Environment
17: Organisms and Populations
18: Ecosystem
▶ 19: Biodiversity and Conservation
20: Environmental Issues
![Sarita Aggarwal solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC chapter 19 - Biodiversity and Conservation - Shaalaa.com](/images/biology-english-class-12-isc_6:65d11b7ee3eb4277bbdac77874c6c42a.jpg "Sarita Aggarwal solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC chapter 19 - Biodiversity and Conservation")
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Solutions for Chapter 19: Biodiversity and Conservation
Below listed, you can find solutions for Chapter 19 of CISCE Sarita Aggarwal for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC.
Sarita Aggarwal solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC 19 Biodiversity and Conservation EXERCISES [Pages 1073 - 1086]
A. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS I. Multiple choice questions Choose the correct answer:
Of the total known species today, the maximum number is of ______.
higher plants
mammals
bacteria
insects
Alpha diversity refers to diversity of organisms ______.
within community
between the communities
between ecosystems
in a landscape
The most biodiversity rich zones of India are ______.
Deccan Peninsula
Western Ghats and North-East
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Gangetic plains and Himalaya
Biodiversity varies with change in latitude and altitude. It ______.
decrease from high to low latitudes
increases from low to high latitude
decreases from high to low altitude
increases from high to low altitude
Anthropogenic extinction refers to extinction ______.
at a fast rate
slow rate
by human activities
of large number of species
The Earth summit held at Rio de Janerio in 1992 resulted into ______.
compilation of Red list
establishment of biosphere reserves
convention on biodiversity
IUCN
The IUCN Red List gives information about ______.
threatened plants
threatened animals
threatened plants and animals
extinct plants and animals only
A rare species is normally ______.
endangered
vulnerable
found in small number
critically endangered
Most priority on conservation should be given to ______.
extinct species
endangered species
vulnerable species
rare species
In situ conservation involves protection by ______.
cryopreservation
gene banks
biosphere reserves
botanical gardens
Ex situ conservation means ______.
'off site' conservation
'on site' conservation
conservation in National Parks
conservation in Biosphere Reserves
Core zone of a biosphere ______.
is an undisturbed area
has limited human activity
is used for research and educational purpose
is used by tribal people only
Cryopreservation is preservation ______.
at very low temperature
in sacred forests
in gene banks
in protected areas
Hotspots are regions on earth that ______.
have very hot climate
are tropical regions
have rare species
are rich in endemic species
The following is a 'hotspot' region of India.
Northern Himalayas
Western ghats
Peninsula region
Andaman and Nicobar islands
The exotic species introduced into Lake Victoria was ______.
Cichlid fish
Nile perch
Lantana camara
Lotus
Plant genera Magnolia is found in ______.
Western Ghats
Eastern Himalaya
Sunderbans
Pachmarhi
Hotspots of biodiversity are areas with ______.
little biodiversity
maximum biodiversity
maximum conservation
(i) and (iii)
Main cause of extinction of species from tropics is:
Soil erosion
Pollution
Deforestation
Afforestation
The following species were introduced from South America into India.
Magnolia
Water hyacinth
Ficus religiosa
Nile perch
An ex situ conservation method for endangered species is ______.
national parks
cryopreservation
wildlife sanctuary
biosphere reserve
World summit on sustainable development of 2002 was held in ______.
South Africa
Sweden
Argentina
Brazil
An in situ method of conservation is ______.
botanical garden
cryopreservation
national park
tissue culture
Exotic species having been introduced in India are ______.
Lantana, camara
water hyacinth, Prosopis cineraria
Lantana camara, Fiscus religiosa
Nile perth, Ficus religiosa
Hot spot area of India occurs in ______.
Trpical Andes
Western Himalayas
Madagascar
Mesoptaemia
Fill in the blanks
Biodiversity refers to the totality of ______, ______and ______ of a region.
Within community diversity is called ______.
______ are traditional protected areas.
Exotic species have a large impact, especially in ______.
Diversity that exists between two mega ecosystems is called ______.
______ and ______ in India are among the 25 global biodiversity hotspots.
Biodiversity increases from the ______ to the equator.
______ animal species and ______ plant species in India are characterised as Critically endangered in the Red List.
______ are the richest zone of biodiversity and contain most threatened species.
The core area in a biosphere reserve is surrounded by the ______ zone which, in turn, is surrounded by ______ zone.
______ is a catalogue of taxa facing the risk of extinction.
______ species are the ones which are facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in immediate future.
Along with conventional methods, genetic diversity of threatened species can be preserved in the form of ______.
State whether the following is true or false.
Western Ghats of India have a very good number of endemic amphibian species.
State whether the following is true or false.
Biosphere reserves are the protected areas where no human activity is allowed.
State whether the following is true or false.
Endemic species are found in a particular region or confined to a local region.
State whether the following is true or false.
In situ conservation strategy includes preservation of genetic diversity in gene banks.
State whether the following is true or false.
Exotic species are the species found confined to a particular area.
State whether the following is true or false.
Wildlife sanctuaries protect only the fauna present in that area.
State whether the following is true or false.
Red List is a catalogue that lists extinction risk of species of the world.
State whether the following is true or false.
Introduction of fish Nile perch into Lake Victoria helped in increasing its biodiversity.
State whether the following is true or false.
Ramsar sites are the wetlands considered to be most productive environments.
State whether the following is true or false.
Fragmentation of a habitat helps in reducing the extinction of species.
Match the following.
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| 1. Beta diversity | (a) Fragmentation |
| 2. Endemic species | (b) In situ conservation |
| 3. Habitat loss | (c) Transit zone |
| 4. Ramsar sites | (d) Western Ghats |
| 5. Biosphere reserves | (e) Wetlands |
Answer the following in one or two words.
Diversity of organisms sharing the same community.
Answer the following in one or two words.
One of a very rich biodiversity zone of India.
Answer the following in one or two words.
Preservation or storage of materials at ultralow temperature like −196°C.
Answer the following in one or two words.
Endemic fish of Lake Victoria.
Answer the following in one or two words.
A catalogue that gives information about threatened species.
Answer the following in one or two words.
Species that have disappeared from wild as well as from cultivation.
Answer the following in one or two words.
A special protected area where people form an integral part of the system.
Answer the following in one or two words.
A water body in Sikkim that has been declared sacred by the people.
Answer the following in one or two words.
A 'hotspot' region of India on the coastal region.
Answer the following in one or two words.
A primitive plant genus found in Eastern Himalaya.
In the questions given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option
Assertion (A): Tropical rainforests are disappearing fast from developing countries such as India.
Reason (R): No value is attached to these forests because these are poor in biodiversity.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): The species diversity present in a given community or habitat is referred to as alpha diversity.
Reason (R): Alpha diversity is usually expressed by species richness and species evenness present in a community.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Communities that comprise of more species tend to be more stable.
Reason (R): A higher number of species results in less animal variation in total biomass.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Biodiversity decreases while moving from lower to higher altitude.
Reason (R): Decrease in species diversity occurs with increase in altitude due to rise in temperature.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Speciation is a function of time and tropical regions got a long evolutionary time for species diversification as compared to temperate regions.
Reason (R): Temperate regions have undergone frequent glaciations in the past whereas tropical regions have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): 'Critically endangered' category includes the species which have sufficient population at present but is undergoing depletion due to some factors.
Reason (R): 'Vulnerable' category includes the species which are posing very high risk of extinction in the wild and can become extinct any moment.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Species with low genetic variability are generally at greater risk of extinction than the species with more genetic variability.
Reason (R): Species with low genetic variability are more vulnerable to diseases, predators or other environmental challenges.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Red data book has a record of only those species which are known to be in danger.
Reason (R): Endangered species do no need too much attention.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): In a wildlife sanctuary, collection of timber, harvesting of minor forest products and private ownership rights are allowed.
Reason (R): A sanctuary is a protected area meant for the conservation of both flora and fauna where cultivation of land is permitted.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): One of the most important traditional uses of sacred groves is that they act as a repository for various Ayurvedic medicines.
Reason (R): In modern times, sacred groves have become biodiversity rich areas, as they provide refuge to various plant and animal species of conservation.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Read the sources given and answer any four from the questions given below:
|
The new species called exotic or alien species, when deliberately introduced into a geographical region pose competition for food, space and predation for the existing species. The new or exotic species may cause disappearance of the native species (already present in the natural environment). Lake Victoria, a shallow freshwater lake in South Africa had an extremely diverse collection of over 300 species of small cichlid fishes till 1954.These small fish occupied different niches, some fed on arthropods, some on plants, some were fish-eaters while others fed on fish eggs and larvae. As a large commercial predatory fish, the Nile perch that grows up to 4 feet was introduced in this lake, it spread quickly, eating away the cichlid fish. By 1986, Nile perch constituted 80% of the total fish and the endemic cichlid species were virtually gone. Nile perch threatened the entire ecosystem of the lake. Similarly introduction of water hyacinth Eichhornia, a floating water weed, from South America, when introduced into lakes, spread quickly, and soon covered the entire lake. It blocked the sunlight and led to reduced oxygen level in water, hence threatening the survival of number of aquatic species in the several tropical countries including India. |
- Which of the following was an alien species in Lake Victoria?
- cichlid fish
- Eichhornia
- Nile perch
- arthropods
- The ecosystem of Lake Victoria was disturbed because
- Eichhornia occupied the whole lake
- competition between cichlid fish and Nile perch
- predation by cichlid fish
- predation by Nile perch
- Which of the following is not true for water hyacinth?
- it created havoc in the aquatic system where it was introduced
- it spreads fast and covers the whole lake quickly
- it is a floating water weed
- it was introduced in South America in 1986
- Native species means
- new or alien species introduced
- species already present in the environment
- predatory species of that region
- species having different niches
- The following change took place in Lake Victoria by 1986
- Nile perch population grew to 50%
- cichlid population fell to 20%
- water weed spread through the entire lake
- oxygen content of the lake became very low
Read the sources given and answer any four from the questions given below:
|
In situ conservation strategies mean conservation of biodiversity on site. They emphasise on the protection of total ecosystems. These include protected areas like hot spots, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves. Ex situ conservation strategies means, the threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special areas like botanical gardens, zoo and aquaria where they can be protected and given special care. The concept of hotspots was developed by Norman Myers in 1988 to identify priority areas for in situ conservation. Hotspots are the richest zones of biodiversity. They contain the most threatened reservoirs of plant and animal life on earth. They have notable concentration of endemic species, i.e., species occupying narrow restricted area and confined to that region only. A particular area or region is designated hotspot on the basis of number of endemic species and the degree of threat to species, which is measured in terms of habitat loss. India has three main hotspots and these extend into the neighbouring countries also. These are Western Ghats, IndoBurma region and eastern Himalayas. |
- Which of the following are examples of in situ conservation strategies?
- national parks and zoo
- biosphere reserves and hotspots
- botanical gardens and aquaria
- wildlife sanctuaries and zoo
- Which of the following statements is true for hot spots?
- richest biodiversity regions
- contain most threatened plants and animals
- present near the equator in hot regions
- both (a) and (b)
- Endemic species of plants and animals are the ones which are
- endangered
- most threatened
- present in narrow restricted area
- almost extinct
- The following are the main ‘hotspots' in India.
- Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats
- Eastern Himalayas and Kutch area
- Eastern Himalayas and Indo-Burma region
- Indo-Burma region and Eastern Ghats
- A region is designated as a hot spot if
- it has high number of endemic species
- it has number of plants and animals
- it has a hot climate
- it is close to a water reservoir
Read the sources given and answer any four from the questions given below:
|
IUCN Red List is a publication of International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural resources (IUCN). It is a catalogue of taxa that are facing the risk of extinction. It gives information on threatened species of plants and animals. It imparts information about the urgency and scale of conservation needed for some main categories known as Red List Categories of species. Extinct species are the ones which are already lost from wild as well as from cultivation. The last individual has died. Extinct in the wild species need utmost attention as there may be some individuals present in cultivation. Critically endangered species are likely to become extinct in wild in immediate future. Their number is very small and need immediate attention. The vulnerable species are likely to get endangered in future. Their numbers may be less or still abundant. There are some rare species with very small populations. They are thinly scattered all over the world but are not endangered species. |
- Which of the following categories needs utmost attention for conservation?
- extinct
- vulnerable
- endangered
- rare
- What is IUCN Red list?
- a list of threatened species of plants
- a list of threatened species of animals
- both (a) and (b)
- a list of countries where threatened species need conservation
- Rare species the ones which are
- endangered
- present in small number
- vulnerable
- both (a) and (b)
- Vulnerable species are the ones which are
- facing extinction
- almost extinct
- present in only specific places in the world
- need less attention than endangered
- The individuals of the following species are already lost from wild as well as from cultivation
- extinct
- endangered
- vulnerable
- critically endangered
B. SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Very short answer type questions (1 mark)
What is genetic diversity?
What is the term given to the diversity that exists between two major ecosystems?
What is gamma diversity?
In comparison to poles and equator where is more diversity found?
Between the temperate regions and tropics region where will the biodiversity be more?
As we move down from mountain region to the sea level, how does biodiversity change?
What is the meaning of IUCN red list?
What term is used for species that are likely to become extinct?
In the category of vulnerable and extinct, categorise from lowest risk to higher risk or last.
What are rare species?
Are rare species critically endangered?
Which categories are included in the threatened species?
Place Biosphere reserves, botanical gardens hotspots and gene bank into in situ or ex situ conservation strategies.
Are Hotspots known for their hot temperature or tropical regions?
Give important criteria for hotspot.
What is the importance of core area in a biosphere?
Name the place where the genetic material like germplasm is conserved.
What is the temperature in cryopreservation?
In which gas is the material preserved in cryopreservation?
Name three ex-situ conservation strategies.
What is the main aim of conservation in wild life sanctuaries?
Which area of a biosphere allows limited human activity?
Name the major types of processes for extinction of species.
Give two reasons of loss of biodiversity.
Name two biodiversity rich zones of India.
Name the three important components of biodiversity.
What are the major causes of species losses in a geographical region?
How is biodiversity important for ecosystem functioning?
What are sacred groves?
What are Ramsar sites?
Short answer type questions (2 marks)
Define Biodiversity.
Which group of animals has the maximum number of species identified so far?
What do you understand by genetic diversity?
What is meant by species diversity?
Name three most biodiversity rich zones of India.
What are endemic species?
Why is there less diversity in temperate region?
Name two drugs derived from plants.
Mention two ways by which biodiversity is useful to modern agriculture.
Why does habitat loss lead to disappearance of some species?
What are exotic species?
How do exotic species affect ecosystems?
What do you understand by mass extinction?
Name two animals that are susceptible to extinction due to small population size and low reproduction rate.
What are rare species?
What are threatened species?
Who makes the Red List categories?
What are the uses of Red List?
Which species need immediate attention, endangered or vulnerable? Why?
What are protected areas?
Who gave the concept of biosphere reserves?
What is the significance of transition zone?
What is the expanded form of IUCN?
What is the new name of IUCN?
How many protected areas were present in India?
What is cryopreservation?
Who developed the concept of hot spots?
Name a sacred lake in India.
Name a plant whose bark is used to obtain anticancer drug.
Name one critically endangered plant.
Name a vulnerable species of animals.
What is the technical term used for botanical gardens?
Give a technical term where specific tree and shrub species are cultivated.
Name one main centre of biodiversity in Western Ghat region.
Name the first national park established in India.
What are threatened species?
Name the three types in order of the danger of extinction threatened species face.
Explain what is meant by species diversity.
List any four objectives of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (amended in 1991).
What is cryopreservation?
Give one use of cryopreservation.
What is the importance of Ramsar sites?
Name 4 important Ramsar sites of India.
Short answer type questions (3 marks)
Explain various types of ecological biodiversity.
Why is biodiversity essential for the maintenance of good ecosystems?
What is the effect of over exploitation?
What is the effect of pollution on biodiversity?
Explain the narrow utilitarian benefits of biodiversity.
What are endemic species?
Why is there less diversity in temperate region as compared to tropics?
Name the processes that lead to extinction of species. Which characteristics of species lead to their extinction faster?
What are rare species?
Name the categories included in threatened species. Give reasons for the same.
Who gave the concept of biosphere reserves?
What is the significance of transition zone?
What is in situ conservation?
Define cryopreservation.
Name a sacred lake in India.
What is the importance/effect of botanical gardens?
What is the importance/effect of sacred groves?
What is the importance/effect of alien species invasion.
What types of major process can lead to extinction of species? Explain.
Give the significance of Ramsar sites.
Give the significance of cryopreservation.
Give the significance of Eastern Himalayas.
Differentiate between the following:
Genetic and Species diversity
Differentiate between the following:
Alpha and Beta diversity
Differentiate between the following:
Beta and Gamma diversity
Differentiate between the following:
Natural and Anthropogenic extinction
Differentiate between the following:
In situ and Ex situ conservation
Differentiate between the following:
National parks and Wildlife sanctuaries
Differentiate between the following:
National parks and Biosphere reserves
Long answer type questions (5 marks)
How does biodiversity vary with altitude?
How does biodiversity vary with latitude?
How is biodiversity useful as a genetic resource?
Name the most diversity rich zones of India.
How does the biodiversity change with altitude?
How does the invasion of exotic species introduced into a geographical region change its biodiversity? Give one example.
Why do tropics have more species than temperate regions?
Why is species diversity important?
What is the difference between alpha and gamma diversity?
How does introduction of new exotic species change thebiodiversity? Give two examples.
Give three characteristics of species that make a species particularly susceptible to extinction.
What are the causes of extinction of species?
Explain Paul Ehrlich analogy.
What are the three major threat categories of species?
What is the basis of various groups of threatened species?
What is a Biosphere Reserve?
Explain the various zones of biosphere reserve and their significance.
What role do scared forests play in conservation of biodiversity?
What are the ‘Hotspots’?
What the key criteria for determining hotspots?
Name three 'hotspots' of India. What kind of biodiversity do they have? Why are they important?
Explain the significance of Red list system.
Explain the significance of Wildlife sanctuaries.
Explain the significance of Hot spots.
Explain the significance of Sacred grooves.
Explain the significance of Ramsar sites.
E. BOARD QUESTIONS 1 mark
Define Niche.
Give the scientific term used for the preservation of germplasm at a very low temperature.
Define Biodiversity.
3 marks
Define Hotspots.
Define Ramsar Sites.
Define the following:
Red Data Book
Explain the rivet Popper hypothesis.
List any three major causes of loss of biodiversity.
5 marks
Write a short note on Chipko movement.
Write a short note on Joint Forest Management.
Solutions for 19: Biodiversity and Conservation
Sarita Aggarwal solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC chapter 19 - Biodiversity and Conservation
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