Lakhmir Singh solutions for Chemistry Part 2 [English] Class 10 chapter 4 - Carbon And Its Compounds [Latest edition]

What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?

State whether the following statement is true or false:

Diamond and graphite are the covalent compounds of carbon element (C).

Buckminsterfullerene is a spherical molecule in which 60 carbon atoms are arranged in interlocking hexagonal and pentagonal rings of carbon atoms.

1. How many hexagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of buckminsterfullerene?
2. How many pentagons of carbon atoms are present in one molecule of buckminsterfullerene?

Which of the following molecule is called buckministerfullerene?

C₉₀ C₆₀ C₇₀ C₁₂₀

Write the electron-dot structure for ethane.

Write the electron-dot structure for ethene.

Write the electron-dot structure for ethyne.

Give the IUPAC name of the following compound:

C₂H₆

Write the structural formula of butane.

The form of carbon which is known as black lead is ______.

The form of carbon which is used as a lubricant at high temperature is ______.

Compounds of carbon with hydrogen alone are called ______.

C_nH_2n is the general formula of ______ hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons having the general formula C_nH_2n−2 are called ______.

Ethene and ethyne are examples of ______ hydrocarbons.

Ethyne has ______ carbon-hydrogen single bonds.

Carbon compounds have usually ______ melting points and boiling points because they are ______ in nature.

The property of carbon atoms to form long chains in compounds is called ______.

The general formula C_nH_2n for cycloalkanes is the same as that of ______.

The IUPAC name of ethylene is ______.

The IUPAC name of acetylene is ______.

What is the atomic number of carbon. Write its electronic configuration.

What type of chemical bonds are formed by carbon? Why?

What is the general name of all the compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen?

What is meant by catenation?

Name two elements which exhibit the property of catenation.

What is buckminsterfullerene?

How is buckminsterfullerene related to diamond and graphite?

Why is diamond used for making cutting tools (like glass cutters) but graphite is not?

Give the general formula of an alkane.

Give the general formula of an alkene.

Give the general formula of an alkyne.

Classify the following compounds as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes:

Friedrich Wohler converted an inorganic compound into an organic compound in the laboratory.

1. Give the name and formula of inorganic compound.
2. Write the name and formula of organic compound formed.

Give the IUPAC name and formula of an organic compound containing a single bond.

Give the IUPAC name and formula of an organic compound containing a triple bond.

Which of the following is the molecular formula of benzene?

C₆H₆, C₆H₁₀, C₆H₁₂, C₆H₁₄

How can diamonds be made artificially?

How do synthetic diamonds differ from natural ones?

Give any two differences between the properties of diamond and graphite. What causes these differences?

Why does the element carbon from a large number of carbon compounds?

Write down the structures and names of two isomers of butane (C₄H₁₀).

Give the name and structural formula of one member of the following:

Alkane

Give the name and structural formula of one member of the following:

Alkene

Give the name and structural formula of one member of the following:

Alkyne

Give the name and structural formula of one member of the following:

Cycloalkane

Give the common name of ethene.

Give the structural formula of benzene.

What is the unique property of carbon atom? How is this property helpful to us?

Giving the structure, state the number of single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds (if any) in the following compound:

Ethyne

Giving the structure, state the number of single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds (if any) in the following compound:

Ethene

Giving the structure, state the number of single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds (if any) in the following compound:

Benzene

Write the molecular formula and structure of cyclohexane. How many covalent bonds are there in a molecule of cyclohexane?

Write two points of difference in the structures of diamond and graphite.

Explain why, graphite can be used as a lubricant but diamond cannot.

Explain why, diamond can be used in rock drilling equipment but graphite cannot.

State one use of diamond which depends on its ‘extraordinary brilliance’ and one use of graphite which depends on its being ‘black and quite soft’.

What is diamond?

Of what substance is diamond made?

Describe the structure of diamond. Draw a s imple diagram to show the arrangement of carbon atoms in diamond.

Explain why, diamond has a high melting point.

State any two uses of diamond.

What is graphite?

Of what substance is graphite made?

Describe the structure of graphite with the help of a labelled diagram.

Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity but diamond is a non-conductor of electricity?

State any two uses of graphite.

Explain the term ‘isomers’.

Give one example of isomers.

Write the structural formula of any one isomer of n-heptane (C₇H₁₆).

Write the electron-dot structure of any one isomer of n-heptane (C₇H₁₆).

Write the IUPAC name of the compound having the formula n-C₄H₁₀.

Give the IUPAC name for the following:

\[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{H}\\
|\\
\ce{CH3 - C - CH3}\\
|\\
\ce{CH3}
\end{array}\]

Give the IUPAC name for the following:

\[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{H}\phantom{....}\ce{H}\phantom{.....}\ce{H}\phantom{....}\ce{H}\\
|\phantom{......}|\phantom{......}|\phantom{......}|\\
\ce{H - C - C - C - C - H}\\
|\phantom{......}|\phantom{......}|\phantom{......}|\\
\ce{H}\phantom{.....}|\phantom{.....}\ce{H}\phantom{.....}\ce{H}\\
\ce{H - C - H}\phantom{........}\\
|\phantom{........}\\
\ce{H}\phantom{........}\\
\end{array}\]

Give the IUPAC name for the following:

\[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{H}\phantom{....}\ce{H}\phantom{....}\ce{H}\\
|\phantom{......}|\phantom{......}|\\
\ce{H - C = C - C - H}\\
\phantom{..............}|\\
\phantom{..............}\ce{H}\\
\end{array}\]

Give the IUPAC name for the following:

\[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{H}\\
|\\
\ce{H - C - C ≡ C - H}\\
|\\
\ce{H}\\
\end{array}\]

What are hydrocarbons? Explain with examples.

Explain the meaning of saturated hydrocarbons with two examples.

Explain the following term with an example.

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Give the name and structural formula of one saturated cyclic hydrocarbon.

Give the name and structural formula of one unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon.

Give one example of a hydrocarbon, other than pentane, having more than three isomers.

How many isomers of the following hydrocarbon are possible?

C₃H₈

How many isomers of the following hydrocarbon are possible?

C₄H₁₀

How many isomers of the following hydrocarbon are possible?

C₅H₁₂

How many isomers of the following hydrocarbon are possible?

C₆H₁₄

Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of the element:

Out of the following pairs of compounds, the unsaturated compounds are:

The number of covalent bonds in pentane (molecular formula C₅H₁₂) is ______.

The property of self-combination of the atoms of the same element to form long chains is known as ______.

A cyclic hydrocarbon having carbon-carbon single bonds as well as carbon-carbon double bonds in its molecule is ______.

The hydrocarbon 2-methylbutane is an isomer of ______.

An unsaturated hydrocarbon having a triple covalent bond has 50 hydrogen atoms in its molecule. The number of carbon atoms in its molecule will be ______.

An alkyne has seventy five carbon atoms in its molecule. The number of hydrogen atoms in its molecule will be ______.

A diamond-toothed saw is usually used for cutting ______.

The organic compound prepared by Wohler from an inorganic compound called ammonium cyanate was ______.

One of the following is not an allotrope of carbon. This is:

The number of carbon atoms in the organic compound named as 2,2-dimethylpropane is ______.

The pair of elements which exhibits the property of catenation is ______.

A saturated hydrocarbon has fifty hydrogen atoms in its moleucle. The number of carbon atoms in its molecule will be ______.

A hydrocarbon having one double bond has 100 carbon atoms in its molecule. The number of hydrogen atoms in its molecule will be ______.

The hydrocarbon which has alternate single and double bonds arranged in the form of a ring is ______.

Which of the following cannot exhibit isomerism?

The pencil leads are made of mainly ______.

The number of isomers formed by the hydrocarbon with molecular formula C₅H₁₂ is ______.

The number of carbon atoms joined in a spherical molecule of buckminsterfullerene is ______.

A solid element X has four electrons in the outermost shell of its atom. An allotrope Y of this element is used as a dry lubricant in machinery and also in making pencil leads.

(a) What is element X?

(b) Name the allotrope Y.

(c) State whether allotrope Y is a good conductor or non-conductor of electricity.

(d) Name one use of allotrope Y (other than lubrication and pencil leads)

(e) Name two other allotropes of element X.

Two organic compounds A and B have the same molecular formula C₆H₁₂. Write the names and structural formulae:

1. If A is a cyclic compound.
2. If B is an open chain compound.
3. Which compound contains single bonds as well as a double bond?
4. Which compound contains only single bonds?

The solid element A exhibits the property of catenation. It is also present in the form of a gas B in the air which is utilised by plants in photosynthesis. An allotrope C of this element is used in glass cutters.
(a) What is element A?
(b) What is the gas B?
(c) Name the allotrope C.
(d) State another use of allotrope C (other than in glass cutters).
(e) Name another allotrope of element A which exists as spherical molecules.
(f) Name a yet another allotrope of element A which conduct electricity.

An element E exists in three allotropic forms A, B and C. In allotrope A, the atoms of element E are joined to form spherical molecules. In allotrope B, each atom of element E is surrounded by three other E atoms to form a sheet like structure. În allotrope C, each atom of element E is surrounded by four other E atoms to form a rigid structure.
(a) Name the element E.
(b) What is allotrope A.
(c) What is allotrope B?
(d) What is allotrope C?
(e) Which allotrope is used in making jewellery?
(f) Which allotrope is used in making anode of a dry cell?

You are given the following molecular formulae of some hydrocarbons:

C₅H₈; C₇H₁₄; C₆H₆; C₅H₁₀; C₇H₁₂; C₆H₁₂

1. Which formula represents cyclohexane as well as hexene?
2. Which formula represents benzene?
3. Which three formulae represent open chain unsaturated hydrocarbons having double bonds?
4. Which two formulae represent unsaturated hydrocarbons having triple bonds?
5. Which three formulae can represent cyclic hydrocarbons?

Which of the following compounds can have a triple bond?

C₂H₄, C₃H₄, C₃H₆

What is the molecular formula and structural formula of a cyclic hydrocarbon whose one molecule contains 8 hydrogen atoms?

Write the molecular formula of an alkane having 20 carbon atoms?

Write the molecular formula of an alkene having 20 carbon atoms?

Write the molecular formula of an alkyne having 20 carbon atoms?

Which of the following compounds can have a double bond?

C₄H₁₀; C₅H₈; C₅H₁₀

Which of the following hydrocarbons is unsaturated?

C₃H₄; C₂H₆

Write the molecular formula of ethanol.

Identify the functional group present in the following compound and name it according to IUPAC system:

CH₃OH

Give the common name and IUPAC name of the simplest aldehyde.

Write the name of the following functional group:

\[\ce{- C ≡ C -}\]

Write the name of the following functional group:

\[\begin{array}{cc}
\backslash\phantom{..........}/\\
\ce{C = C}\\
/\phantom{..........}\backslash\\
\end{array}\]

Write the IUPAC name of the following:

CH₃COCH₃

Write the IUPAC name of the following:

CH₃COCH₂CH₃

What is the common name of methanoic acid?

Draw the structure for the following compound:

Ethanoic acid

Draw the structure for the following compound:

Propanoic acid

Give the common name and IUPAC name of the following compound:

HCOOH

Give the common name and IUPAC name of the following compound:

CH₃COOН

Write the formula of methanoic acid.

Write the formula of ethanoic acid.

Give the IUPAC name of the following compound:

C₃H₇OH

Give the name and structural formula of one member of the following:

Alcohols

Give the IUPAC name of the following compound:

C₄H₉OH

Give the IUPAC name of the following compound:

C₅H₁₁OH

What is the difference between two consecutive homologues:
(i) in terms of molecular mass?
(ii) in terms of number and kind of atoms per molecule?

What type of fuels:

1. burn with a flame?
2. burn without a flame?

State whether the following statement is true or false:

The minimum number of carbon atoms in a ketone molecule is two.

The next higher homologue of ethanol is ______.

The next homologue of C₂H₅OH is ______.

The next higher homologue of ethane is ______.

The functional group present in ethanol is ______.

Organic compounds having \[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{O}\phantom{.....}\\
||\phantom{.....}\\
\ce{- C - OH}\\
\end{array}\] functional group are known as ______.

Give the general name of the class of compounds having the general formula C_n H_2n−2. Write name of the first member of this homologous series.

The general formula of a homologous series of carbon compounds is C_nH_2n. Write the molecular formulae of the second and fourth members of the series.

Write the molecular formulae of the third and fifth members of homologous series of carbon compounds represented by the general formula C_nH_2n+2.

Give the names and structural formulae of the next two higher homologues of methane.

The molecular formula of a hydrocarbon is C₁₀H₁₈. Name its homologous series.

Select the hydrocarbons which are members of the same homologous series. Give the name of each series.

C₅H₁₀; C₃H₈; C₆H₁₀; C₄H₁₀; C₇H₁₂; C₈H₁₆

Give the molecular formula of one homologue of the following:

C₃H₆

Give the molecular formula of one homologue of the following:

C₂H₆

Give the molecular formula of one homologue of the following:

C₂H₂

What is the difference in the molecular formula of any two adjacent homologues in terms of molecular mass?

Write the formula of the functional group present in carboxylic acids.

Name the functional group present in \[\ce{CH3 - C ≡ CH}\].

Name the functional group present in the following compound:

CH₃CHO

Name the functional group present in the following compound:

CH₃CH₂COOH

Name the functional group present in the following compound:

CH₃COCH₃

Name the functional group present in the following compound:

CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

Write the IUPAC name and common name of CH₃Cl.

Draw the structure of chlorobutane.

Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?

Write the name and formula of an organic compound containing a ketone functional group.

Write the names and formulae for the first three members of the homologous series of chloroalkanes.

How would you name the following compound?

\[\ce{CH3 - CH2 - Br}\]

What is the general name of the organic compounds containing the \[\begin{array}{cc}
\phantom{..}\ce{O}\\
\phantom{..}||\\
\ce{- C -}
\end{array}\] group?

Which of the following compounds contains a carboxylic acid group?

CH₃OH, CH₃COOH, CH₃CHO, CH₃COCH₃

How would you name the following compound?

\[\begin{array}{cc}
\ce{H}\\
|\\
\ce{H - C = O}
\end{array}\]

Define a homologous series.

Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of the following:

CH₃OH

Write the molecular formula of the third member of the homologous series of carbon compounds with general formula C_nН_2n+1OН.

Draw the structures for butanone.

Draw the structure for the following compound:

Propanone.

Write the IUPAC name of the following:

HCHO

Write the IUPAC name of the following:

CH₃CHO

Write the IUPAC name of the following:

CH₃CH₂CHO

Write the IUPAC name of the following:

CH₃CH₂CH₂CHO

Which functional group is likely to be present in an organic compound having the molecular formula C₄H₁₀O? Write the formula of the organic compound.

Match the formulae in group A with appropriate names from group B:

Group A: CH₃COOH, CH₃CHO, CH₃OH

Group B: Ethanol, Methanol, Ethanal, Ethanoic acid

Draw the structure of butanoic acid.

What is the IUPAC name of acetic acid?

Which functional group do you think can be present in an organic compound having the molecular formula C₅H₁₀O₂? Write the formula of the organic compound.

Give one example of the compound having the following functional group:

Aldehyde group

Give one example of the compound having the following functional group:

Alcohol group

Give one example of the compound having the following functional group:

Carboxylic acid group

Give one example of the compound having the following functional group:

Halo group

Give one example of a compound having the following functional group:

Alkene group

Give one example of a compound having the following functional group:

Alkyne group

What is the molecular formula and structure of the alcohol which can be thought to be derived from pentane?

Write the name of the following functional group:

–CHO

Write the name of the following functional group:

–OH

Write the name of the following functional group:

–COOH

Write the name of the following functional group:

\[\begin{array}{cc}
\backslash\phantom{...........}\\
\ce{C = O}\\
/\phantom{...........}\\
\end{array}\]

Write the name of the following functional group:

–X

What makes the candle flame yellow and luminous?

What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.

State any four characteristics of a homologous series

The molecular formula of an organic compound is C₁₈H₃₆. Name its homologous series.

Select the hydrocarbons which belong to the same homologous series. Give the name of each series.

CH₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₄H₁₀, C₃H₄, C₃H₆

What is meant by ‘heteroatom’? Give examples.

Write the names and formulae of two organic compounds containing different heteroatoms.

What is meant by a functional group? Explain with an example.

Write three common functional groups present in organic compounds. Give their symbols/formulae.

Name the functional group present in the following compound:

CH₃COOH

Name the functional group present in the following compound:

CH₃CH₂CHO

Name the functional group present in the following compound:

C₂H₅OH

Name the functional group present in the following compound:

CH₃COCH₂CH₃

Name the functional group which always occurs in the middle of a carbon chain.

Draw the structure for the following compound:

Ethanal

Draw the structure for the following compound:

Propanal

Draw the structure for the following compound:

Butanal

Draw the structure for the following compound:

Pentanal

What happens when carbon burns in air? Write the chemical equation of the reaction which takes place.

Why are coal and petroleum called fossil fuels?

Explain how coal was formed in the earth.

Describe how petroleum was formed in the earth.

The molecular formula of a homologue of butane is ______.

One of the following molecular formula can represent two organic compounds having different functional groups. This molecular formula is:

The number of carbon atoms present in the molecule of fifth member of the homologous series of alkynes is ______.

One of the following burns without producing a flame. This is:

The functional group which always occurs in the middle of a carbon chain is ______.

The molecular formulae of some organic compounds are given below. Which of these compounds contains an aldehyde group?

The organic compounds which are isomeric with one another are ______.

The fuel which usually burns with a blue flame is ______.

Which of the following burns by producing a yellow, luminous flame?

The molecular formula of an organic compound is C₄₈H₉₄. This compound belongs to the homologous series of ______.

One of the following molecular formulae represents a ketone. This formula is:

Which one of the following is not a fossil fuel?

Butanone is a four-carbon compound having the functional group:
(a) −OH
(b) −COOH
(c) −CO−
(d) −CHO

The molecular formula of the third member of the homologous series of ketones is:
(a) C₄H₈O
(b) C₃H₆O
(c) C₅H₁₀O
(d) C₆H₁₂O

The functional group present in propanal is:
(a) −OH
(b) −COOH
(c) −CO−
(d) −CHO

An organic compound having the molecular formula C₃H₆O can exist in the form of two isomers A and B having different functional groups. The isomer A is a liquid which is used as a solvent for nail polish. The isomer B is also a liquid. An aqueous solution of one of the lower homologues of B is used for preserving biological specimens in the laboratory
(a) What is compound A?
(b) Write the electron-dot structure of A.
(c) What is compound B?
(d) Write the electron-dot structure of B.
(e) Name the lower homologue of compound B  which is used in preserving biological specimens.

A hard material X which is mined from the earth is used as a household fuel and also for the generation of electricity at Thermal Power Stations. A soft material Y is also used as a fuel in the form of candles. A gaseous material Z which occurs alongwith petroleum is increasingly being used as a fuel in running vehicles in its compressed form.
(a) What are materials, X, Y and Z?
(b) When materials X, Y and Z are burned separately:
(1) When material burns by producing a yellow, luminous flame?
(2) Which material ultimately burns without producing a flame?
(3) Which material can burn in a gas stove by producing a blue flame?

Three organic compounds A, B and C have the following molecular formulae:

1. C₄H₈O₂
2. CH₁₀O
3. С₄H₈O

1. Which compound contains an alcohol group? Write its name and structural formula.
2. Which compound contains a carboxyl group? Write its name and structural formula.
3. Which molecular formula can represent an aldehyde as well as a ketone? Write the names and structural formulae of the aldehyde and ketone represented by this molecular formula.

A colourless organic liquid X of molecular formula C₂H₄O₂ turns blue litmus to red. Another colourless organic liquid Y of molecular formula C₃H₆O has no action on any litmus but it is used as a nail polish remover. A yet another colourless organic liquid Z of molecular formula C₂H₆O has also no action on litmus but it is used in tincture of iodine.

(a) Name the liquid X. To which homologous series does it belong? Give the name of another member of this homologous series.
(b) Name the liquid Y. To which homologous series does it belong? Write the name of another member of this homologous series.
(c) Can you name an organic compound having the same molecular formula as liquid Y but which belongs to a different homologous series? What is this homologous series?
(d) Name the liquid Z. To which homologous series does it belong? Write the name of another member of this homologous series.

You are given an organic compound having the molecular formula C₃H₈. Give the name and formula of the compound formed:

1. when one H atom of C₃H₈ is replaced by a Cl atom.
2. when one H atom of C₃H₈ is replaced by OH group.
3. when one H atom of C₃H₈ is replaced by CHO group.
4. when one H atom of C₃H₈ is replaced by COOH group.
5. when two H atoms joined to the middle carbon atom of C₃H₈ are replaced by one O atom.

Name the gas evolved when ethanoic acid is added to sodium carbonate. How would you prove the presence of this gas?

Which of the following will give brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate and why?

CH₃COOH, CH₃CH₂OH

Name the hydrocarbon formed when ethanol is heated with conc. H₂SO₄ at 170°C? What is this reaction known as?

What happens when (give chemical equation):

Sodium reacts with ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?

Explain why, alkanes are excellent fuels.

Complete the following equation:

\[\ce{CH3CH2OH ->[Conc{.} H2SO4][170^\circ C]}\]

Complete the following equation:

\[\ce{CH3COOH + C2H5OH ->[Conc{.} H2SO4]}\]

Complete and balance the following equation:

\[\ce{CH4 + O2 ->}\]

Complete and balance the following equation:

\[\ce{CH4 + Cl2 ->[Sunlight]}\]

The process of burning of a hydrocarbon in the presence of air to give CO₂, H₂O, heat and light is known as ______.

The sodium salt of a long chain fatty acid is called ______.

______ is better than soap for washing clothes when the water is hard.

Which of the following hydrocarbons will give substitution reactions and why?

CH₄, C₃H₆, C₃H₈, C₄H₆, C₅H₁₂, C₅H₁₀

Which of the following will give addition reaction and why?

C₄H₁₀, C₂H₆, C₂H₄, CH₄, C₃H₈, C₃H₄

Write the chemical equation of the reaction which takes place during the burning of ethanol in air.

Why is ethanol used as a fuel?

What happens when propanoic acid is warmed with methanol in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid? Write equation of the reaction involved.

What change will you observe if you test soap solution with a litmus paper (red and blue)? Give reason for your observation.

How would you test for an alcohol?

Give the harmful effects of drinking alcohol.

How would you convert:

Ethanol into ethene.

Name the process in the given case and write the equations of the reactions involved.

How would you convert:

Propanol into propanoic acid.

Name the process in the given case and write the equations of the reactions involved.

Give reasons for the following observation:

Air holes of a gas burner have to be adjusted when the vessels being heated get blackened by the flame.

What would be observed on adding a 5% alkaline potassium permanganate solution drop by drop to some warm ethanol in a test-tube? Write the name of the compound formed during the chemical reaction. Also write chemical equation of the reaction which takes place.

How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of a chemical property?

Name the functional group of organic compounds that can be hydrogenated. With the help of a suitable example, explain the process of hydrogenation, mentioning the conditions of the reaction and any one change in physical property with the formation of the product. Name any one natural source of organic compounds that are hydrogenated.

Name the gas evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium.

What type of compound is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of conc. H₂SO₄?

What will you observe when dilute ethanoic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid are put on universal indicator paper, one by one? What does it show?

What type of compound is CH₃COOH?

What substance should be oxidised to prepare CH₃COОН?

What is the physical state of CH₃COOH?

What happens when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of a little of concentrated sulphuric acid? Write equation of the reaction involved.

What happens when ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170°C? Write the equation of the reaction which takes place.

What happens when ethanol is oxidised with alkaline potassium permanganate (or acidified potassium dichromate)? Write the equation of the reaction involved.

Choose those compounds from the following which can turn blue litmus solution red:

HCHO, CH₃COOH, CH₃OH, C₂H₅OH, HCOOH, CH₃CHO

Give reasons for your choice.

Explain the process of preparation of soap in laboratory.

Why is common salt (sodium chloride) added during the preparation of soap?

What happens when methane (natural gas) burns in air? Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.

What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate? Write chemical equation of the reaction involved.

Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.

Describe, giving equation, a chemical reaction which is characteristic of saturated hydrocarbons (or alkanes).

What is an oxidising agent? 

Name two oxidising agents which can oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid.

Describe one reaction of a carboxylic acid.

Write name and formula of hydrocarbon containing a single bond (one example). Give one characteristic chemical property.

What is a detergent?

Name one detergent.

How does ethanoic acid react with sodium hydrogen carbonate? Give equation of the reaction which takes place.

Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?

What is meant by a substitution reaction?

Give an example (with equation) of the substitution reaction of an alkane.

How is ethanoic acid obtained from ethanol? Write down the chemical equation of the reaction involved.

How would you distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid by chemical test?

Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.

What happens when methane reacts with chlorine? Give equation of the reaction which takes place.

What is hydrogenation?

Explain hydrogenation with the help of a chemical equation. State the role of this reaction in industry.

What happens when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide? Write equation of the reaction involved.

What happens when vegetable oils are hydrogenated? Name the catalyst used.

State one disadvantage of detergents over soaps for washing clothes.

An organic compound X of molecular formula C₂H₄O₂ gives brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate. Give the name and formula of X.

A mixture of ethyne (acetylene) and oxygen is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?

What is meant by an addition reaction?

Give an example (with equation) of an addition reaction of an alkene.

What is added to groundnut oil when it is to be converted to vanaspati ghee?

When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate, then a salt X is formed and a gas Y is evolved. Name the salt X and gas. Y Describe an activity with the help of a labelled diagram of the apparatus used to prove that the evolved gas is the one which you have named. Also write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.

Esters are sweet-smelling substances and are used in making perfumes. Describe an activity for the preparation of an ester with the help of a well labelled diagram. Write an equation for the chemical reaction involved in the formation of the ester. Also write the names of all the substances involved in the process of esterification.

Name the reaction which is usually used in the conversion of vegetables oils to fats. Explain the reaction involved in detail. Write a chemical equation to illustrate your answer.

What is saponification? Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved in this process. Name all the substances which take part in this process and also those which are formed.

Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?

What is a soap?

Name one soap.

Describe the structure of a soap molecule with the help of a diagram.

While cooking, if the bottom of the utensil is getting blackened on the outside, it means that:
(a) the food is not cooked completely.
(b) the fuel is not burning completely.
(c) the fuel is wet.
(d) the fuel is burning completely.

When ethanol is heated with alkaline potassium permanganate solution, it gets converted into ethanoic acid. In this reaction, alkaline potassium permanganate acts as:
(a) reducing agent
(b) oxidising agent
(c) catalyst
(d) dehydrating agent

When ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170°C, it gets converted into ethene. In this reaction, concentrated sulphuric acid acts as:
(a) oxidising agent
(b) catalyst
(c) dehydrating agent
(d) reducing agent

When a vegetable oil is treated with hydrogen in the presence of nickel (or palladium) catalyst, it forms a fat. This is an example of:
(a) anodising reaction
(b) substitution reaction
(c) displacement reaction
(d) addition reaction

The soap molecule has a ______.

Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the:
(a) absence of sunlight
(b) presence of sunlight
(c) absence of moisture
(d) presence of H₂SO₄

In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged radially with:
(a) ionic ends directed towards the centre and hydrocarbon ends directed outwards
(b) hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards
(c) both ionic ends and hydrocarbon ends directed toward the centre
(d) both hydrocarbon ends and ionic ends directed outwards

When ethanol reacts with sodium metal, it forms two products. These products are:
(a) sodium ethanaoate and oxygen
(b) sodium ethanaoate and hydrogen
(c) sodium ethoxide and oxygen
(d) sodium ethoxide and hydrogen

Vinegar is a solution of about:
(a) 5 to 8 per cent ethanoic acid in alcohol
(b) 5 to 8 per cent ethanoic acid in water
(c) 50 to 80 per cent ethanoic acid in water
(d) 50 to 80 per cent ethanoic acid in alcohol

One of the following substances is not added to make denatured alcohol. This is:
(a) methyl alcohol
(b) copper sulphate
(c) chloroform
(d) pyridine

The chemical which is not required for the preparation of soap in the laboratory is:
(a) vegetable oil
(b) baking soda
(c) caustic soda
(d) common salt

Which of the following can damage optic nerve leading to blindness, if taken internally?
(a) CH₃COOH
(b) C₂H₅OH
(c) NaHCO₃
(d) CH₃OH

The usual disease caused by the excessive drinking of alcohol over a long period of time is:
(a) diabetes
(b) cataract
(c) cirrhosis
(d) arthritis

Which of the following molecular formula corresponds to ethylbutanoate ester?
(a) C₅H₁₀O₂
(b) C₆H₁₂O₂
(c) C₇H₁₄O₂
(d) C₈H₁₆O₂

A neutral organic compound X of molecular formula C₂H₆O on oxidation with acidified potassium dichromate gives an acidic compound Y. Compound X reacts with Y on warming in the presence of conc. H₂SO₄ to give a sweet smelling substance Z. What are X, Y and Z?

Consider the following organic compounds:

HCHO, C₂H₅OH, C₂H₆, CH₃COOH, C₂H₅Cl

Choose two compounds which can react in the presence of conc. H₂SO₄ to form an ester. Give the name and formula of the ester formed.

A neutral organic compound is warmed with some ethanoic acid and a little of conc. H₂SO₄. Vapours having sweet smell (fruity smell) are evolved. What type of functional group is present in this organic compound?

The structural formula of an ester is :

Consider the following organic compound:

CH₃OH, C₂H₅OH, CH₃COCH₃, CH₃COOH, C₂H₅COOH, C₄H₉COOC₂H₅, CH₄, C₂H₆, CH₃CHO, HCHO

Out of these compound:

1. Which compound is most likely to be sweet-smelling?
2. Which compound on treatment with conc. H₂SO₄ at 170°C forms an alkene?
3. Which compound on repeated chlorination forms chloroform?
4. Which compound is added to alcohol to denature it?
5. Which compound is a constituent of vinegar?
6. Which compound is used to sterilise wounds and syringes?

An organic acid X is a liquid, which often freezes during winter time in cold countries, having the molecular formula C₂H₄O₂. On warming it with methanol in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a compound Y with a sweet  smell is formed.
(a) Identify X and Y. Also write their formulae showing the functional group present in them.
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.

An organic compound A having the molecular formula C₃H₈O is a liquid at room temperature. The organic liquid A reacts with sodium metal to evolve a gas which burns causing a little explosion. When the organic liquid A heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 170°C, it forms a compound B which decolourizes bromine water. The compound B adds on one molecule of hydrogen in the presence of Ni as catalyst to forms compound C which gives substitution reactions with chlorine.
(a) What is compound A?
(b) What is compound B?
(c) What type of reaction occurs when A is converted into B?
(d) What is compound C?
(e) What type of reaction takes place when B is converted into C?

An organic compound A (molecular formula C₂H₄O₂) reacts with Na metal to form a compound B and evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. Compound A on treatment with an alcohol C in the presence of a little of concentrated sulphuric acid forms a sweet-smelling compound D (molecular formula C₃H₆O₂). Compound D on treatment with NaOH solution gives back B and C. Identify A, B, C and 

Which of the following hydrocarbons can decolourise bromine water and which cannot? Why?
C₆H₁₂, C₆H₁₄, C₆H₁₀

A four carbons atoms containing neutral organic compound X reacts with sodium metal to evolve a gas which burns with 'pop' sound. Another four carbon atoms containing carbon compound reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to evolve a gas which turns lime water milky. When compounds X and Y are heated together in the presence of a little of concentrated sulphuric acid, then a new compound Z is formed.

(a) What is compound X ? Also write its formula.
(b) What is compound Y ? Also write its formula.
(c) What is compound Z ? Also write its formula.
(d) What type of smell is given by compound Z?
(e) What is the general name of compounds like Z?
(f) What is the general name of the reaction which which takes place between X and Y to form Z?

Assertion (A): Carbon element forms a very large number of carbon compounds (or organic compounds).

Reason (R): The two characteristic properties of carbon element which lead to the formation of a very large number of carbon compounds (or organic compounds) are (i) catenation (self-linking), and (ii) tetravalency (four valency).

Assertion (A): A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having similar structure and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differe by CH₂ group. 

Reason (R): The organic compounds having same molecular formula but different structures are known as isomers.

Assertion (A): When ethanoic acid is warmed with ethanol in the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a sweet smelling ester called ethyl ethanoate is formed.

Reason (R): The animal fats (like butter and desi ghee) are unsaturated fats containing unsaturated fatty acids which are said to be good for health (even if taken in large amounts).

Assertion (A): A mixture of acetylene and air is used for welding because burning of acetylene in air produces a blue flame (due to complete combustion) which is hot enough to melt metals for welding.

Reason (R): Iodine tincture is an antiseptic solution. It is a solution of iodine in ethanol. Iodine is the real germ killer. Ethanol acts as a solvent to dissolve iodine. This is because iodine is not much soluble in water.

Assertion (A): Graphite is an allotrope of carbon (which is a non-metal). Though most non-metals are non-conductors of electricity, but graphite is a good conductor of electricity.

Reason (R): A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons in it. In a graphite crystal, each carbon atom is joined to only 3 other carbon atoms by covalent bonds. So, only the 3 valence electrons of each carbon atoms in graphite are used in bond formations. The 4^th valence electron of each carbon atom in graphite is free to move. Due to the presence of “Free electrons” in graphite, it conducts electricity.