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प्रश्न
Explain briefly:
PCR
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उत्तर
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA segment in vitro. It amplifies DNA by repeated cycles of three steps:
- Denaturation: Heating the double-stranded DNA to around 94°C to separate it into single strands.
- Annealing: Cooling to 46-60°C to allow short primers to bind to complementary sequences on the single-stranded DNA.
- Extension: Raising the temperature to about 72°C so a heat-stable DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) synthesizes new complementary strands, duplicating the target DNA.
Repeating these cycles exponentially amplifies the DNA segment, producing millions of copies rapidly. PCR is widely used for DNA amplification, genetic fingerprinting, disease detection, DNA sequencing, and molecular mapping. It was introduced by Kary Mullis in 1985 and relies on the thermostable enzyme from Thermus aquaticus to function at high temperatures without being denatured.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Name two commonly used bioreactors.
Suggest and describe a technique to obtain multiple copies of a gene of interest in vitro.
Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
Explain briefly:
Chitinase
State the importance of using a bioreactor.
Prepare a flow chart in formation of recombinant DNA by the action of restriction endonuclease enzyme EcoRI.
Which of the following term used for defining a viral genome incorporated into host DNA?
PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism are the methods for ______.
Blood stains are found at the site of a murder. It DNA profiling technique is to be used for identifying the criminals, which of the following is ideal for use?
During the process of gene amplification using PCR, if a very high temperature is not maintained in the beginning, then which of the following steps of PCR will be affected first?
Rising of dough is due to ______.
Which of the following contributed in popularising the PCR (polymerase chain reactions) technique?
Which of the following should be chosen for best yield if one were to produce a recombinant protein in large amounts?
Illustrate the design of a bioreactor. Highlight the difference between a flask in your laboratory and a bioreactor which allows cells to grow in a continuous culture system.
Write the scientific name of the source organism of the thermostable DNA polymerase used in PCR.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Upon exposure to UV radiation, DNA stained with ethidium bromide will show ______.
Which enzymes act as 'molecular scissors' to cut purified DNA precisely at specific target sites?
What is the process of cutting out and recovering a separated DNA band from an agarose gel called?
In the provided agarose gel electrophoresis image, what is represented in lane 1 compared to lanes 2 through 4?
Which enzyme is utilized in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) because it remains active at high temperatures?
Which enzyme is responsible for joining the desired gene to a carrier vector DNA to form recombinant DNA?
How are bacterial cells typically made competent to facilitate the uptake of recombinant DNA during transformation?
Which of the following are direct methods used for introducing recombinant DNA into host cells besides chemical transformation?
Which series of operations is collectively referred to as 'downstream processing'?
