Preparation of Acids

Periodic Table, Periodic Properties and Variations of Properties

• History of Periodic Table: Early Attempts at the Classification of Elements
• Dobereiner’s Triads
• Newland's Law of Octaves
• Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• The Modern Periodic Table
• Periodic Properties
• Periodic Properties: Shells (Orbits)
• Periodic Properties: Valency
• Periodic Properties: Atomic Radius Or Atomic Size
• Periodic Properties: Metallic Character
• Periodic Properties: Non-metallic Character
• Periodic Properties: Ionisation Potential (Ionisation Energy)
• Periodic Properties: Electron Affinity
• Periodic Properties: Electronegativity
• Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
• Atomic Mass
• Study of Specific Groups in Periodic Table
• Group I (Alkali Metals)
• Group VIIA Or Group 17 (The Halogens)

Chemical Bonding

• Chemical Bond
• Types of Chemical Bond
• Electrovalent (or Ionic) Bond
• Formation of an Electrovalent (or Ionic) Bond
• The Covalent Bond
• Types of Covalent Bond
• Formation of Covalent Bond
• Properties and Comparison of Electrovalent and Covalent Compounds
• Effect of Electricity on Electrovalent and Covalent Compounds
• Coordinate Bond
• Formation of Coordinate Bond

Study of Acids, Bases and Salts

• Acids
• Classification of Acids
• Preparation of Acids
• Properties of Acids
• Uses of Acids
• Bases (Alkalis)
• Classification of Bases (Alkalis)
• Preparation of Bases
• Properties of Bases (Alkalis)
• Uses of Bases
• Test for Acidity and Alkalinity
• Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
• Salts
• Classification of Salts
• Methods of Preparation of Soluble Salts
• Preparation of Insoluble Salts
• Laboratory Preparation of Some Salts
• Laboratory Preparation of Iron (III) Chloride
• Laboratory Preparation of Zinc Sulphate Crystals from Zinc and Sulphuric Acid
• Laboratory Preparation of Lead Chloride and Calcium Carbonate
• Laboratory Preparation of an Acid Salt Sodium Bicarbonate
• Neutralisation
• Laboratory Preparation of Copper (II) Sulphate (Or Blue Vitriol)
• Laboratory Preparation of Sodium Sulphate Crystals
• Properties of Salts

Analytical Chemistry

• Analytical Chemistry
• Colours of the Salts and Their Solutions
• Action of Sodium Hydroxide Solution on Certain Metallic Salt Solutions
• Action of Ammonium Hydroxide on Certain Salt Solutions
• Action of Alkalis on Certain Metals
• Action of Alkalis on Metal Oxides

Mole Concept and Stoichiometry

• The Gas Laws
• Fundamental Laws of Gases
• Pressure and Volume Relationship or Bolye's Law
• Temperature - Volume Relationship or Charles's Law
• Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes
• Avogadro’s Law
• Gas Equation
• Standard Temperature Pressure (S.T.P.)
• Absolute Zero
• Atomic Mass
• Molecular Mass
• Mole Concept
• Relationship Between Vapour Density and Relative Molecular Mass
• Percentage Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formula
• Empirical Formula of a Compound
• Determination of Empirical Formula
• Determination of Molecular Formula
• Chemical Equation
• Balancing Chemical Equation
• Numerical Problems of Chemical Equation

Electrolysis

• Electrolysis
• Electrolytes
• Nonelectrolyte
• Electrochemical Cells
• Electrodes
• Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Reactions
• Arrhenius Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation
• Electrochemical Series
• Preferential Or Selective Discharge of Ions at Electrodes
• Examples of Electrolysis
• Electrolysis of Molten Lead Bromid
• Electrolysis of Acidified Water Using Platinum Electrodes
• Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate Solution Using Platinum Anode and Copper Or Platinum Cathode
• Electrolysis of Aqueous Copper Sulphate - Using Copper Electrodes
• Applications of Electrolysis

Metallurgy

• Types of Elements: Metals
• Types of Elements: Non-metal
• Mineral Resources
• Ores
• Metallurgy
• Extraction of Metals
• Types of Separation or Concentration of an Ore
• Conversion of Concentrated Ore to Its Oxide
• Reactivity Series of Metals
• Reduction of Metal Oxides to Metals
• Refining of Metals
• Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
• Metallurgy of Aluminium
• Extraction of Aluminium
• Refining of Aluminium
• Alloys
• Making Alloys
• Some Common Alloys

Study of Compounds

Organic Chemistry

• Carbon: a Versatile Element
• Classification of Compounds of Carbon
• Organic Compounds
• Special Features of Carbon
• Organic Compounds in Daily Life
• Hydrocarbons
• Classification of Organic Compounds Based on the Pattern of Carbon Chain
• Classification of Organic Compound Based on the Kind of Atoms
• Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
• Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (IUPAC)
• IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
• IUPAC Nomenclature of other classes
• Alkyl Group
• Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
• Isomers
• Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
• Methane
• Laboratory Preparation of Methane
• Ethane
• Laboratory Preparation of Ethane
• Hydrocarbons: Alkenes
• Ethene (Ethylene)
• Preparation of Ethene (Ethylene)
• Hydrocarbons: Alkynes
• Ethyne
• Laboratory Preparation of Ethyne
• Alcohol
• Ethanol
• Laboratory Preparation of Ethanol
• Carboxylic Acids
• Ethanoic Acid

Practical Work

• Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen
• Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen
• Laboratory Preparation of Carbon Dioxide
• Laboratory Preparation of Chlorine
• Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
• Laboratory Preparation of Sulphur Dioxide
• Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Sulphide
• Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia Gas
• Laboratory Preparation of Water Vapour
• Laboratory Preparation of Nitrogen Dioxide
• Action of Heat on a Given Substance
• Action of Dilute Sulphuric Acid on a Given Substance
• Dry Test
• Recognition of Substances by Colour
• Recognition of Substances by Odour
• Recognition of Substances by Physical State
• Recognition of Substances by Action of Heat
• Flame Test
• Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
• Indicators
• Identification of Ions
• Identification of Cations
• Identification of Anions
• Distinction Between Colourless Solutions of Dilute Acids and Alkalis
• Distinguish Between Black Copper Oxide and Black Manganese Dioxide