- Ostwald Process: Developed in 1914 to make nitric acid from ammonia.
- Step 1: Ammonia + oxygen → nitric oxide (NO) using platinum at 800°C.
- Step 2: NO + O₂ → NO₂ at about 50°C.
- Step 3: NO₂ + water + O₂ → HNO₃ in absorption tower.
- Concentration: 68% acid distilled to 98% (fuming); pure HNO₃ crystallizes at –42°C.
Topics
Periodic Table, Periodic Properties and Variations of Properties
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Salient Features of the Modern Periodic Table
- Periodicity
- Shells and Valency
- Periodic Properties
- Atomic Size
- Metallic Character
- Non-metallic Character
- Ionisation Potential (Ionisation Energy)
- Electron Affinity
- Electronegativity
- Summary Periodic Properties
- Atomic Number and Mass Number
- Comparison of Alkali Metals and Halogens
Chemical Bonding
- Concept of Chemical Bonding
- Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
- Conditions for the Formation of an Electrovalent (or ionic) Bond
- Structures of Some Electrovalent Compounds
- The Covalent Bond
- Types of Covalent Bonds
- Non-Polar and Polar Covalent Compounds
- Formation of Covalent Bond
- Properties and Comparison of Electrovalent and Covalent Compounds
- Effect of Electricity on Electrovalent and Covalent Compounds
- Coordinate Bond
Acids, Bases and Salts
Acids and Bases
- Basics of Acids, Bases, and Salts
- Acids
- Classification of Acids
- Preparation of Acids
- Properties of Acids > Physical Properties
- Properties of Acids > Chemical Properties
- Uses of Acids
- Bases (Alkalis)
- Classification of Bases (Alkalis)
- Preparation of Bases
- Properties of Bases > Physical Properties
- Properties of Bases > Chemical Properties
- Uses of Bases
- Test for Acidity and Alkalinity
- Importance of pH in Everyday Life
Salts and their Preparations
Properties of Salts
- General Properties of Salts
- Differences Between Drying Agent and Dehydrating Agent
Analytical Chemistry
- Chemical Analysis
- Colours of the Salts and Their Solutions
- Action of Sodium Hydroxide Solution on Certain Metallic Salt Solutions
- Action of Ammonium Hydroxide on Certain Salt Solutions
- Action of Alkalis on Certain Metals
- Action of Alkalis on Metal Oxides
Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
Gay-Lussac's Law and Avogadro's Law
Relative Atomic Mass, Relative Molecular Mass and Mole Concept
Percentage Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formulae
Calculations Based on Chemical Equations
- Chemical Equations
- Problems Based On Reacting Weights
- Problems Based on Mass-Volume Relationship
- Challenging Problems Beyond the Syllabus
Electrolysis
- Electrolysis and Conductivity of Substances
- Metallic Conductors vs Electrolytic Conductors
- Strong Electrolytes vs Weak Electrolytes
- Acids, Bases and Salts as Electrolytes
- Anode vs Cathode
- Cations vs Anions
- Oxidation
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Reduction
- Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation
- Conduction in Compounds
- Characteristics of Electrolysis
- Electrolytic Dissociation
- Ionisation
- Comparison of Ionisation and Dissociation
- Electrochemical Series (Electromotive Series)
- Preferential or Selective Discharge of Ions at Electrodes
- Examples of Electrolysis
- Applications of Electrolysis > Electroplating
- Applications of Electrolysis > Electrolytic Refining of Metals
- Applications of Electrolysis > Electrometallurgy
Metallurgy
Metals - Occurence
- Earth and Elements
- Metals
- Non-Metals
- Occurrence of Metals
- Common Ores of Aluminium, Iron and Zinc
Stages Involved in the Extraction of Metals
Extraction of Aluminium
- Aluminium
- Extraction of Aluminium
- Electrolytic Reduction of Refused Alumina
- Refining of Aluminium
Alloys
- Alloy
- Purpose of Making Alloys
- Reasons for Alloying
- Methods of Making Alloys
- Alloys as Solid Solutions
Study of Compounds A. Hydrogen Chloride
- Hydrogen Chloride
- General Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Recognition and Identification of Gases
- Physical Properties of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Laboratory Method of Preparation of Hydrochloric Acid
- Properties of Hydrochloric Acid > Physical Properties
- Properties of Hydrochloric Acid > Chemical Properties
- Uses of Hydrochloric Acid
- Tests for Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid
Study of Compounds B. Ammonia
- Ammonia
- Preparation of Ammonia Gas
- Recognition and Identification of Gases
- Preparation of Aqueous Ammonia
- Manufacture of Ammonia (Haber's Process)
- Physical Properties of Ammonia
- Chemical Properties of Ammonia
- Tests for Ammonia Gas and Ammonium Ion
- Uses of Ammonia
Study of Compounds C. Nitric Acid
- Nitric Acid
- Laboratory Preparation of Nitric Acid
- Manufacture of Nitric Acid
- Physical Properties of Nitric Acid
- Chemical Properties of Nitric Acid
- Uses of Nitric Acid
- Tests for Nitric Acid and Nitrates
- Effects of Heat on Nitrates
Study of Compounds D. Sulphuric Acid
- Sulphuric Acid
- Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid
- Physical Properties of Sulphuric Acid
- Chemical Properties of Sulphuric Acid
- Uses of Sulphuric Acid
- Tests for Sulphuric Acid and Sulphates
Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds
- Organic Chemistry
- Organic Compounds
- Organic Compounds vs Inorganic Compounds
- Carbon: A Versatile Element
- Types of Organic Compounds
- Hydrocarbons
- Cyclic or Closed Chain or Ring Chain Compounds
- Structure of Compounds
- Alkyl Group
- Functional Group
- Homologous Series
- Nomenclature
- Rules of Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
- Structural Formula from IUPAC Name
- Isomerism
- Types of Structural Isomerism
Hydrocarbons : Alkanes
- Alkanes
- Isomerism in Alkanes
- Occurrence of Methane and Ethane
- Structure of Methane
- Laboratory Preparation of Methane
- Laboratory Preparation of Ethane
- Other Methods of Preparation of Methane and Ethane
- Physical Properties of Methane and Ethane
- Chemical Properties of Methane and Ethane
- Uses of Methane and Ethane
Hydrocarbons: Alkenes
- Alkenes
- Ethene (Ethylene)
- Preparation of Ethene (Ethylene)
- Physical Properties of Alkenes
- Chemical Properties of Alkenes
- Uses of Ethene
Hydrocarbons: Alkynes
- Alkynes
- Ethyne
- Physical Properties of Ethyne
- Chemical Properties of Ethyne
- Uses of Ethyne
- Chemical Tests to distinguish between Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
Alcohols
Carboxylic Acids
Practical Work
- Recognition and Identification of Gases
- Action of Heat
- Identifying Substances by Colour, Smell, State & Heat Effect
- Distinction between Colourless Solutions of Dilute Acids and Alkalis
- Distinguish between Black Copper Oxide and Black Manganese Dioxide
- Flame Test
- Indicators
- Key Points: Manufacture of Nitric Acid
CISCE: Class 10
