Topics
Introduction to Indian Society
- Study of Indian Society: Sociological Connections with History and Anthropology
- Study of Indian Society
- Religious Beliefs and Practices in Ancient India
- Religion in Ancient Indian Civilizations
- Jainism and Buddhism in Ancient India
- Religious Beliefs and Practices in Medieval India
- Status of Women in Indian Society
- Nature of Education in Ancient and Medieval India
- Social Life in Ancient and Medieval India
- Urbanisation in Ancient India
- Concept of Sociological Imagination
- Colonial Period in India
- Effects of Colonialisation in India
- Factors Affecting Post-Independence India
- Overview of Introduction to Indian Society
Segments of Indian Society
- Introduction to Segments of Indian Society
- The Tribal Community in India
- Exploitation and Problems of the Indian Tribal Community
- Tribal Development in India
- The Rural Community in India
- Rural Development in India (Sociological Perspective)
- The Urban Community in India
- Urban Development in India
- Overview of Segments of Indian Society
Diversity and Unity in Indian Society
- Introduction of Diversity and Unity in Indian Society
- Diversity in Indian Society
- Unity in Diversity
- Challenges to National Unity
- Factors that Are Responsible for Economic Inequality in Society
- Overview of Diversity and Unity in Indian Society
Processes of Social Change in India
- Industrialisation
- Urbanisation in India
- Modernisation
- Digitalisation
- Factors Responsible for Social Change
- Overview of Processes of Social Change in India
Social Movements in India
- Meaning and Nature of Social Movement
- Types of Social Movements
- Causes of Social Movements
- Social Movements and Social Change
- Womens’ Movement in India
- Workers’ Movements
- Farmer's Movements
- Environmental Movement in India
- Overview of Social Movements in India
Social Problems in India
- Social Problem
- Ageing
- The Problems of Ageing
- Measures to Tackle the Problems of Ageing
- Concept of Unemployment
- Causes of Unemployment
- General Measures to Reduce Unemployment
- Farmers’ Suicide
- Causes of Farmers’ Suicide
- Consequences of Farmers’ Suicides
- Measures to Tackle the Problem of Farmer Suicides
- Domestic Violence
- Causes of Domestic Violence
- Consequences of Domestic Violence
- Measures to Deal with Domestic Violence
- Addiction (Substance, Internet, Mobile)
- Types of Addiction
- Causes of Addiction
- Consequences of Addiction
- Measures to Tackle Addiction Problems
- Overview of Social Problems in India
Passages
- Passages
Estimated time: 23 minutes
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Industrialisation
- B. Kuppuswamy: “Industrialisation means the use of unbiotic power such as electricity and steam for the mass production of goods and easy transportation and communication.”
- Fairchild: “Industrialisation is the process of technological development by the use of applied science, characterized by the expansion of large scale production with the use of power machinery, for a wide market for both.”
- “Industrialisation is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a State preindustrial to an industrial.”
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Characteristics of industrialisation
- Growth of Industries – Industrialisation led to rapid growth of factories and a shift from handmade goods to machine-made production in factories.
- Mechanisation – Use of machines increased precision and mass production, reduced cost of goods, and replaced much human labour, leading to worker alienation.
- Capital-Intensive – Modern industries require heavy investment in machinery, technology and automation, depending largely on financial resources.
- Labour-intensive – Industries need both skilled and unskilled labour; specialised training and technical education became important.
- Division of Labour – Work is divided into specialised tasks based on skill and expertise, increasing efficiency and leading to wage differences.
- Mass Production – Large-scale production of goods became possible, making products cheaper and widely available.
- Emergence of Trade Unions – Industrialisation led to formation of economic classes and trade unions to protect workers’ rights.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Urbanisation
- Anderson: Urbanisation is a twoway process that involves movement from villages to cities and change from agricultural occupation to business, trade, service and profession and change in the migrants attitudes, beliefs, values and behavioural patterns.
- Thomas Warren: (in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences) has defined urbanisation as “the movement of people from communities concerned chiefly or solely with agriculture to other communities, generally larger, whose activities are primarily centred in government, trade, manufacture or allied interests”.
- Marvin Olsen: Urbanisation must consist of an inward flow of large number of people from scattered rural areas to urban communities.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Characteristics of urbanisation
- Migration to urban centres: Movement of people from rural and tribal areas to cities for employment; leads to population growth in urban areas.
- Industrial growth and commutation: Industrial expansion increases urban growth; residence and workplace become separate; long-distance daily travel is common.
- Heterogeneity: Urban areas consist of people of different caste, class, religion, language and culture.
- Urbanism as a way of life: Urban life promotes rationality, individuality and weakens traditional ties of family and religion.
- Civil administration: Urban areas are governed by municipal corporations and formal administrative systems.
- Specialised division of labour: Work is divided based on skills, training and expertise; high specialisation in jobs.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Modernisation
- Daniel Lerner: “Modernisation is the current term of an old process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire the characteristics, common to more developed societies.”
- Rustow and Ward: “Modernisation is the application of modern science to human affairs.”
- Alatas: “Modernisation is a process by which modern scientific knowledge is introduced in the society with the ultimate purpose of achieving a better and more satisfactory life in the broadest sense of the term, as accepted by the society concerned.”
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key points: Characteristics of modernisation
- Scientific temperament – Development of a scientific way of thinking based on empirical evidence and logical reasoning.
- Rational outlook – Emphasis on rationalism and cause-and-effect explanations instead of blind beliefs.
- Technological advancement – Increased use of advanced technology, precision techniques and specialised skills in society.
- Openness to new ideas – Willingness to accept new ideas, alternatives and creative solutions to problems.
- Critical thinking – Ability to critically evaluate beliefs, practices and events with self-reflection.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Globalisation
- Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King: Globalisation refers to “all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society”.
- Anthony Giddens: “Globalisation worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa”
- Roland Robertson: Globalisation is “the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole”.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Characteristics of globalisation
- Liberal principle – Opening of the economy to private players through free trade and reduced government control.
- Private enterprise – Expansion of privatisation with increased role of private companies in services and industries.
- Profit motive – Focus on earning profits and increasing competition in markets.
- Marketisation – Growth of large-scale markets with more production and consumer choices.
- Interdependence – Nations and people becoming economically connected and dependent on each other.
- Knowledge distribution – Sharing of technology, skills and information across borders through digital and global networks.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definitions: Digitalisation
- Digitalisation is the integration of digital technologies into everyday life by the digitisation of everything that can be digitised.
- Brennen and Kreiss: Digitalisation is “the way in which many domains of social life are restructured around digital communication and media infrastructures.”
- Gartner: “Digitalisation is the use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value producing opportunities.”
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Characteristics of digitalisation
- Computerisation – Expansion of computers has simplified manual work and digitised processes across sectors.
- Frequent change – Digitalisation leads to continuous changes in business models due to new technologies like AI.
- Speed and accuracy – Digital processes increase efficiency by enabling faster data processing and greater accuracy.
- Technology driven – Digitalisation is based on technological innovation and research advancements.
- Spurred creativity – The need for quick digital solutions encourages innovation and creative problem-solving.
- Importance to customers – Digitalisation improves services and convenience for end users through online and digital platforms.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Impact of Processes of Social Change on Indian Society
- Impact of Industrialisation : Led to growth of factories, migration to cities and breakdown of joint family system.
- Impact of Urbanisation : Reduced influence of traditions and promoted materialistic, individualistic and non-conforming lifestyle.
- Impact of Modernisation : Encouraged scientific temper by weakening superstitions and traditional beliefs.
- Impact of Globalisation : Connected India to the global economy, bringing both positive and negative changes.
- Impact of Digitalisation : Increased access to information and services but also raised concerns like privacy and social impact.
