S.P. Singh solutions for कन्साइस केमिस्ट्री [इंग्रजी] इयत्ता १० आयसीएसई chapter 2 - Chemical Bonding [Latest edition]

How do atoms attain noble gas configuration?

Define a chemical bond.

Define an electrovalent bond.

Define a covalent bond.

What are the conditions for the formation of an electrovalent bond?

An atom X has three electrons more than the noble gas configuration. What type of ion will it form?

An atom X has three electrons more than the noble gas configuration. Write the formula of its sulphate.

An atom X has three electrons more than the noble gas configuration. Write the formula of its nitrate.

An atom X has three electrons more than the noble gas configuration. Write the formula of its phosphate.

An atom X has three electrons more than the noble gas configuration. Write the formula of its carbonate.

An atom X has three electrons more than the noble gas configuration. Write the formula of its hydroxide.

Mention the basic tendency of an atom which makes it to combine with other atoms.

The element X has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 18, 8, 1. Without identifying X,

1. predict the sign and charge on a simple ion of X.
2. write if X will be an oxidising agent or a reducing agent and why.

In the formation of the compound XY₂, an atom X gives one electron to each Y atom. What is the nature of bond in XY₂? Draw the electron dot structure of this compound.

An atom X has 2, 8, 7 electrons in its shell. It combines with Y having 1 electron in its outermost shell.

1. What type of bond will be formed between X and Y?
2. Write the formula of the compound formed.

Explain with the help of ionic equation and electron dot structural diagram the formation of the following electrovalent compound.

NaCl

Explain with the help of ionic equation and electron dot structural diagram the formation of the following electrovalent compound.

MgCl₂

Explain with the help of ionic equation and electron dot structural diagram the formation of the following electrovalent compound.

CaO

Compare:

Sodium atom and Sodium ion, with respect to

1. atomic structure
2. electrical state
3. chemical action
4. toxicity

Compare:

Chlorine atom and chloride ion, with respect to

1. atomic structure
2. electrical state
3. chemical action
4. toxicity

The electronic configuration of fluoride ion is the same as that of a neon atom. What is the difference between the two?

State the following is a reduction reaction or oxidation reaction.

\[\ce{Pb -> Pb^2+ + 2e-}\]

State the following is a reduction reaction or oxidation reaction.

\[\ce{Fe^2+ - e- -> Fe^3+}\]

State the following is a reduction reaction or oxidation reaction.

\[\ce{A^3+ + e- -> A^2+}\]

State the following is a reduction reaction or oxidation reaction.

\[\ce{Cu -> Cu^2+}\]

What do you understand by redox reactions?

Explain formation of electrovalent compound is a redox reaction.

Divide the following redox reaction into oxidation and reduction half-reaction.

\[\ce{Zn + Pb^2+ -> Zn^2+ + Pb}\]

Divide the following redox reaction into oxidation and reduction half-reaction.

\[\ce{Zn + Cu^2+ -> Zn^2+ + Cu}\]

Divide the following redox reaction into oxidation and reduction half-reaction.

\[\ce{Cl2 + 2Br- -> Br2 + 2Cl-}\]

Divide the following redox reaction into oxidation and reduction half-reaction.

\[\ce{Sn^2+ + 2Hg^2+ -> Sn^4+ + Hg2^2+}\]

Divide the following redox reaction into oxidation and reduction half-reaction.

\[\ce{2Cu+ -> Cu + Cu^2+}\]

Potassium (at No.19) and chlorine (at No.17) react to form a compound. Explain the formation of the compound on the basis of oxidation.

Potassium (at No.19) and chlorine (at No.17) react to form a compound. Explain the formation of the compound on the basis of reduction.

Potassium (at No.19) and chlorine (at No.17) react to form a compound. Explain the formation of the compound on the basis of oxidizing agent.

Potassium (at No.19) and chlorine (at No.17) react to form a compound. Explain the formation of the compound on the basis of reducing agent.

What are the conditions necessary for the formation of covalent molecules?

Elements A, B and C have atomic number 17, 19 and 10 respectively.

1. State which one is:
   1. a non-metal
   2. a metal,
   3. chemically inert?

2. Write down the formula of the compound formed by two of the above elements.

Draw the electron dot diagram and structure of nitrogen molecule.

Draw the electron dot diagram and structure of magnesium chloride.

Draw electron - dot structure and structural formula of methane.

What is the difference between ionic compounds and polar covalent compounds?

What is the difference between ionic compounds and covalent compounds?

What is the difference between a polar covalent compound and a non-polar covalent compound?

A solid is crystalline, has a high melting point and is water soluble. Describe the nature of the solid.

What do you understand by dipole (polar) molecule? 

Explain dipole (polar) molecule by taking hydrogen chloride as an example.

Explain the bonding in methane molecule using electron dot structure.

Methane molecule is non-polar molecule. Explain.

Give the characteristic properties of electrovalent compounds.

Give the characteristic properties of covalent compounds.

State the type of bond formed when the combining atom has zero E.N. difference. 

State the type of bond formed when the combining atom has small E.N. difference.

State the type of bond formed when the combining atom has a large E.N. difference.

State the type of bond formed, and draw Lewis structure of water.

State the type of bond formed, and draw Lewis structure of calcium oxide.

Explain the following:

Electrovalent compounds conduct electricity.

Explain the following:

Electrovalent compounds have a high melting point and boiling point while covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.

Explain the following:

Electrovalent compounds dissolve in water whereas covalent compounds do not.

Explain the following:

Electrovalent compounds are usually hard crystals.

Explain the following: 

Polar covalent compounds conduct electricity?

Explain the following:

Water is a polar covalent molecule.

Elements X, Y, and Z have atomic numbers 6, 9 and 12 respectively. Which one forms an anion?

Elements X, Y, and Z have atomic numbers 6, 9 and 12 respectively. Which one forms a cation?

Elements X, Y, and Z have atomic numbers 6, 9 and 12 respectively. Which one :

State type of bond between Y and Z and give its molecular formula.

Taking MgCI₂ as an electrovalent compound, CCI₄ as a covalent compound, give four differences between electrovalent and covalent compounds.

Potassium chloride is an electrovalent compound, while hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound. But, both conducts electricity in their aqueous solutions. Explain.

Draw the electron dot structure of the covalent compound methane (non polar) and HCl (polar) and give two difference between them.

Name two compounds that are covalent when taken pure but produce ions when dissolved in water.

An element M burns in oxygen to form an ionic bond MO. Write the formula of the compounds formed if this element is made to combine with chlorine and sulphur separately.

Element A has 2 electrons in its M shell. Element B has atomic number 7.

1. Write equations to show how A and B form ions.
2. If B is a diatomic gas, write the equation for the direct combination of A and B to form a compound.
3. If the compound formed between A and B is melted and an electric current is passed through the molten compound, the element A will be obtained at the ______ and B at the ______ of the electrolytic cell.

Element M forms a chloride with the formula MCI₂ which is a solid with high melting point. M would most likely be in the group in which ______ is placed.

Complete the following:

Compound X consists of molecules.

Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer from the options A, B, C and D given below: 

The type of bonding in X will be ______.

Compound X consists of molecules.

Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer from the options A, B, C and D given below:

X is likely to have a ______.

Compound X consists of molecules.

Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer from the options A, B, C and D given below:

In the liquid state, X will ______.

The property which is characteristic of an electrovalent compound is that ______.

When a metal atom becomes an ion ______.

Among the following compounds identify the compound that has all three bonds (ionic, covalent and coordinate bond).

Which of the following is not a typical property of an ionic compound?

Select the correct answer from A, B, C and D.

Metals lose electrons during ionization this change is called ______.

A Compound 'X' consists of only molecules. Hence 'X' will have

The molecule which contains a triple covalent bond is ______.

The formation of a covalent bond between two atoms is favoured when:

P  both the atoms have a large difference in electronegativity

Q both the atoms have high electron affinity

R  both the atoms have high electronegativity

Assertion (A): If the electron affinity value is high, anions are formed easily.

Reason (R): Ionic bonding is favoured by high electron affinity of one of the atoms.

Assertion (A): Atoms can combine either by the transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another or by sharing of valence electrons.

Reason (R): Sharing and transfer of valence electrons is done by atoms to have an octet in their valence shell.

Assertion (A): A pair of electrons not shared with any other atom is known as a lone pair.

Reason (R): Ammonium ion has a lone pair.

Assertion (A): Electrovalent compounds conduct electricity even in solid state.

Reason (R): Electrovalent compounds are composed of ions.

Complete the following:

When the nuclei of two different reacting atoms are of ______ mass, then a bond so formed is called ______ covalent bond. (equal, unequal, polar, non-polar)

Complete the following:

In case of non-polar covalent bond, the covalent bond is formed in the ______ of atoms and shared electrons are ______ distributed. (corner, middle, equally, unequally)

Complete the following:

Ionic or electrovalent compounds do not conduct electricity in their ______ state.

Complete the following:

The ions in ______ compounds are held very strongly due to strong ______ forces. (electrovalent, covalent, electromagnetic, electrostatic).

In covalent compounds, the bond is formed due to ______ of electrons.

Electrovalent compounds have a ______ boiling point.

Give one word or phrase for the following:

Formation of ions from molecules.

What is the term defined below?

A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons coming from the same atom.

What is the term defined below?

A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons, each bonding atom contributing one electron to the pair.

Give two example in the following case:

Co-ordinate bond compounds

Give two example in following case:

Solid covalent compounds

Give two example in following case:

Gaseous polar covalent compound.

Give two example in following case:

Gaseous non polar covalent compound.

Give two example in following case:

Liquid non polar covalent compound.

Give an example in the following case:

Compound with electrovalent and covalent bond

Give an example in the following case:

Compound with all three types of bonds.

In the formation of magnesium chloride (by direct combination between magnesium and chlorine), name the substance that is oxidized and the substance that is reduced. 

Electrons are getting added to an element Y.

1. Is Y getting oxidized or reduced?
2. Which electrode will Y migrate to during the process of electrolysis?

Element ‘X’ forms an oxide with the formula X₂O₃ which is a solid with high melting point. ‘X’ would most likely be placed in the group of the Periodic Table as:

1. 1. Na
   2. Mg
   3. Al
   4. Si
2. Justify your answer in the above question (1).

What do you understand by lone pair of electrons ?

State the type of bonding in the following molecule.

Water

State the type of Bonding in the following molecule:

Calcium oxide

State the type of bonding in the following molecule.
Hydroxyl ion

State the type of bonding in the following molecule.

Methane

State the type of bonding in the following molecule.

Ammonium ion

State the type of bonding in the following molecule.

Ammonium chloride

Give a reason as to why hydrogen chloride can be termed as a polar covalent compound.

Why do covalent compounds exist as gases, liquids or soft solids?

Explain why carbon tetrachloride does not dissolve in water.

There are three elements E, F, G with atomic numbers 19, 8 and 17 respectively. State the type of chemical bond in this compound.

A compound is formed between atoms A and B. The electronic configuration of A is 2, 8, 1 and B is 2, 6.

1. Write the equation of the formation of ions of A and B.
2. Why do A and B form ions?
3. Which of the following can form a compound?
   1. A and A
   2. A and B
   3. B and B
      Also state the type of bonding present in the compound.
4. If A and B combines, which of them will get oxidised?
5. Draw an electron dot diagram of the ionic compound formed in part (c).
6. Write the formula of the compound formed in part (c) which has a
   1. high melting and boiling point
   2. gaseous compound
   3. good conductor of electricity in molten state.

Define a coordinate bond.

Give the conditions for coordinate bond formation.

Draw an electron dot diagram for the formation of the following. State the type of bonding present in them.

Hydronium ion.

Draw an electron dot diagram for the formation of the following. State the type of bonding present in them.

Ammonium ion

Draw an electron dot diagram for the formation of the following. State the type of bonding present in them.

Hydroxyl ion

How many atoms of each kind are present in the following molecule:

Calcium oxide

How many atoms of each kind are present in the following molecule:

Chlorine

How many atoms of each kind are present in the following molecule:

water

How many atoms of each kind are present in the following molecule:

carbon tetrachloride

How many electrons are required or released by each atom in calcium oxide to attain the nearest noble gas configuration?

How many electrons are required or released by each atom in chlorine to attain the nearest noble gas configuration?

How many electrons are required or released by each atom in water molecule to attain the nearest noble gas configuration?

How many electrons are required or released by each atom in carbon tetrachloride to attain the nearest noble gas configuration?

Acids dissolve in water and produce positively charged ions. Draw the structure of these positive ions.

1. Elements Q and S react together to form an ionic compound. Under normal conditions, which physical state will the compound QS exist in?
2. Can Q and S, both be metals? Justify your answer.

Draw the structure for carbon tetrachloride and explain the type of bonding present.

Compare the compounds carbon tetrachloride and sodium chloride with regard to solubility in water and electrical conductivity.

Draw an electron dot diagram for the formation of the following. State the type of bonding present in them.

Hydronium ion.

By drawing an electron dot diagram, show the lone pair effect leading to the formation of the ammonium ion from ammonia gas and hydrogen ion.

The following table shows the electronic configuration of the elements W, X, Y, Z:

Answer the following questions based on the table above:

1. What type of bond is formed between
   1. W and X
   2. Y and Z
2. What is the formula of the compound formed between
   1. X and Z
   2. W and X

Study the extract of the Periodic Table given below and answer the questions that follow. Give the alphabet corresponding to the element in question. DO NOT repeat an element.

1. Which element forms covalent compound with G?
   
2. The ion of which element will migrate towards the cathode during electrolysis?
3. Which non-metallic element has the valency 2?
4. Which is an inert gas?
5. Which element has the lowest electronegativity in the second column?
6. Which element is the most metallic?
7. State the type of bond formed between I and E. Write its formula.
8. Draw the electron dot diagram of the compound formed between I and G.