Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 9 Science Syllabus - Free PDF Download
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2026-27 Class 9: The Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 9 Science Syllabus for the examination year 2026-27 has been released by the Tamil Nadu Board, Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2026-27 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 9 Science Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 9 Science Syllabus for 2026-27 is below.
Academic year:
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 9 Science Revised Syllabus
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 9 Science Course Structure 2026-27 With Marking Scheme
| # | Unit/Topic | Marks | Marks with options |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Measurement | ||
| 2 | Motion | ||
| 3 | Fluids | ||
| 4 | Electric Charge and Electric Current | ||
| 5 | Magnetism and Electromagnetism | ||
| 6 | Light | ||
| 7 | Heat | ||
| 8 | Sound | ||
| 9 | Universe | ||
| 10 | Matter Around Us | ||
| 11 | Atomic Structure | ||
| 12 | Periodic Classification of Elements | ||
| 13 | Chemical Bonding | ||
| 14 | Acids, Bases and Salts | ||
| 15 | Carbon and Its Compounds | ||
| 16 | Applied Chemistry | ||
| 17 | Animal Kingdom | ||
| 18 | Organisation of Tissues | ||
| 19 | Plant Physiology | ||
| 20 | Organ Systems in Animals | ||
| 21 | Nutrition and Health | ||
| 22 | World of Microbes | ||
| 23 | Economic Biology | ||
| 24 | Environmental Science | ||
| 25 | Computer – LibreOffice Impress | ||
| Total | - | - |
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Syllabus
1 Measurement [Revision]
- Measurements
- Measurement
- The need for measurement in daily life
- Physical Quantities
- Unit and Its Types
- Unit Systems
- Introduction
- Types of Unit System
- Properties of Matter and Their Measurement
- Measurement of Length
- Measuring Smaller Distances
- Fermi (f)
- Angstrom (A°)
- Nanometre (nm)
- Micron (micrometre μm)
- Millimetre (mm)
- Centimetre (cm)
- Measuring Larger Distances
- Astronomical unit
- Light year
- Parsec
- Measurement of Mass
- Measurement of Time
- The Temperature and a Thermometer
- Introduction
- Unit of Temperature
- Experiment: 1
- Experiment: 2
- Scales of Thermometers
- Fahrenheit scale
- Celsius temperature scale
- Kelvin scale (Absolute scale)
- Relationship between the three scales of temperature
- Conversion of Temperature from celsius scale to kelvin scale and vice-versa
- Unit Prefixes
- System of Units
- Vernier Callipers
- Screw Gauge
- Devices for Measuring Mass
- Mass and Weight
- Definition: Mass
- Definition: Weight
- Accuracy in Measurements
2 Motion [Revision]
- Force and Motion
- Types of Motion
- Multiple Motion
- Distance and Displacement
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Speed
- Velocity
- Velocity
- Formula of Velocity
- Unit of Velocity
- Examples of Velocity
- Acceleration and Retardation
- Acceleration
- Retardation
- Experiment
- Graphical Representation of Motion
- Displacement - Time Graph Or Distance - Time Graph
- Distance-time graph for uniform motion
- Distance-time graph for non-uniform motion
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Velocity-time graph for uniform velocity
- Velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration
- Displacement - Time Graph Or Distance - Time Graph
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Motion of Freely Falling Body
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Centrifugal Forces
- Definition: Centrifugal Force
- Definition: Fictitious Force
- Key Points: Centrifugal Force
3 Fluids [Revision]
- Thrust and Pressure
- Pressure of liquid
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Factors Affecting Liquid Pressure
- Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
- Mercury Barometer (Simple Barometer)
- Gauge Pressure and Absolute Pressure
- Pascal’s Law
- Hydraulic Machines: Hydraulic Press (Or Bramah Press)
- Density and It’s Unit
- Density
- Unit of Density
- Relationship between S.I. and C.G.S. units
- Relative Density and Its Unit
- Relative density
- Unit of relative density
- Principle of Floatation (Laws of Flotation)
- Application of Principle of Flotation
- Buoyancy Force (Upthrust Force)
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Archimedes Principle
- Introduction
- Discovery of Archimedes Principle
- Archimedes Principle
- Experiment
- Law of Floatation
4 Electric Charge and Electric Current [Revision]
- Electric Charge
- Electric Force
- Electric Field
- Potential and Potential Difference
- Direction of the Electric Current - Conventional and Electronic Flow
- Electro-Motive Force of a Cell
- Definition: Electro-Motive Force
- Definition: The e.m.f. Cell
- Resistance
- Definition: Electric Resistance
- Key Points: Electric Resistance
- Units and Dimensions
- Electric Conductance
- Electric Circuit
- Key Points: Electric Circuit
- Types of Circuits: Series Circuit
- Types of Circuits: Parallel Circuit
- Symbols and Functions of Various Components of an Electric Circuits
- Components of Electric Circuits
- Experiment
- Effects of Electric Current
- Chemical Effects of Electric Current
- Chemical effect of electric current
- Application of Chemical effect of electric current
- Electroplating
- Chemical Effects of Electric Current
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Definition: Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Key Points: Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Key Points: Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Alternating current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)
- Definition: Direct Current (DC)
- Definition: Alternating Current (AC)
- Dangers of Electricity
- Precautions to Be Taken While Using Electricity
5 Magnetism and Electromagnetism [Revision]
- Magnet
- Classification of Magnets
- Classification of Magnets
1) Natural Magnet
2) Artificial Magnet
- Classification of Magnets
- Magnetic Field
- Introduction
- Definition: Magnetic Field
- Experiment
- Properties of magnetic lines of force
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Key Points: Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Key Points: Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Force on Parallel Current Carrying Conductors
- Electric Motor
- Definition: Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- A.C. Generator
- Simple D.C. Motor
- Principle
- Construction and Its Main Parts
- Working
- Ways of Increasing the Speed of Rotation of the Coil
- Function of Split Ring Commutator
- Comparison Between A.C. Generator and D.C. Motor
- Table
- Similarities between an A.C. Generator and a D.C. Motor
- Electric Generator
- Key Points: Electric Generator
- Transformers
- Types of Transformer
- Types of Transformer
- Step up transformer
- Step down transformer
- Distinction between the step up and step down transformers
- Examples of Step up transformer and Step down transformer
- Uses of Step up transformer and Step down transformer
- Uses of Electromagnet
- Common Uses of Electromagnets
- Use of an Electromagnet in an Electric bell
- Working and Function of Each Part
6 Light [Revision]
- Climatic Factors > Light
- Reflection of Light
- Introduction
- Activity
- Experiment
- Key Points: Reflection of Light
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Laws of Reflection
- Experiment
- Lateral Inversion
- Formation of Image by Reflection: Real and Virtual Image
- Formation of Image by Reflection
- Real Image
- Virtual Image
- Distinction between a real and a virtual image
- Spherical Mirrors
- Definition: Spherical Mirror
- Definition: Concave Mirror
- Definition: Convex Mirror
- Definition: Pole
- Definition: Centre of Curvature
- Definition: Radius of Curvature
- Definition: Principal Axis
- Introduction
- Types of Spherical Mirrors
- Activity
- Key Points: Spherical Mirrors
- Position and Nature of Image Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- Rules to Trace the Image Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- Spherical Mirror > Concave Mirror
- Introduction
- Image formation by Concave Mirror
- Uses of Concave Mirror
- Sign Convention
- Key Points: Sign Convention
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Introduction
- Definition: Object Distance
- Definition: Image Distance
- Definition: Focal Length
- Formula: Mirror Formula
- Formula: Magnification
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Linear Magnification by Spherical Mirrors
- Introduction
- Definition: Linear Magnification
- Magnification Formula
- Other Formulae for Magnification
- Spherical Mirror > Convex Mirror
- Introduction
- Image Formation by Convex Mirror
- Uses of Convex Mirror
- Image Formation by Convex Mirror
- Speed of Light in Different Media
- Definition: Refractive Index of a Medium
- Key Points: Speed of Light in Different Media
- Refraction of Light from a Plane Transparent Surface
- Refraction of Light
- Total Internal Reflection
7 Heat [Revision]
- Heat
- Introduction
- Units of Heat
- Effects of Heat
- Transfer of Heat
- Conduction
- Convection
- Environmental Issues
- The Temperature and a Thermometer
- Introduction
- Unit of Temperature
- Experiment: 1
- Experiment: 2
- Scales of Thermometers
- Fahrenheit scale
- Celsius temperature scale
- Kelvin scale (Absolute scale)
- Relationship between the three scales of temperature
- Conversion of Temperature from celsius scale to kelvin scale and vice-versa
- Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity
- Change of State
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Melting (Fusion)
- Melting point
- Latent heat
- Latent heat of fusion
- Heating curve of ice during melting
- Change in volume on melting
- Effect of pressure on the melting point
- Effect of impurities on the melting point
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Introduction
- Melting and Freezing Point of Water
- Boiling and Condensation Points
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Concept of Evaporation
- Factors Affecting Evaporation
- How does Evaporation cause cooling?
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Vaporisation or Boiling
- Definition: Vaporisation
- Definition: Boiling Point
- Example
- Changes in States of Water
- Experiment: Heating Curve for Water
- Sublimation
- Latent Heat
8 Sound [Revision]
- Sound Waves
- Production of Sound
- Introduction
- Production of Sound Using a Tuning Fork
- Experiment
- Propagation of Sound
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Sound Need a Medium to Travel
- Characteristics of Sound
- Loudness and Intensity
- Definition: Loudness
- Key Points: Loudness and Intensity
- Pitch and frequency
- Definition: Pitch
- Quality and Wave Form
- Quality or Timbre
- Loudness and Intensity
- Speed of Sound (Velocity of Sound)
- Introduction
- Activity
- Speed of Sound in Different Media
- Introduction
- Speed of Sound in Gases
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Laws of Reflection
- Experiment
- Reflection of Sound Waves
- Definition: Reflection of Sound Waves
- Application of Reflection of Sound
- Echo
- Reverberation
- Ultrasonic Sound Or Ultrasound
- Ultrasonic Sound or Ultrasound
- Applications of ultrasonic waves
- Difference between ultrasonic and supersonic
- SONAR
- Introduction of SONAR
- Application of SONAR
9 Universe [Revision]
- Geo Centric Theory
- Heliocentric Model
- The Universe
- Galaxy and Its Types
- Galaxy
- Types of Galaxy
- Stars and Their Types
- Stars
- Lifecycle of Stars
- Types of Stars
- The Sun
- Introduction of the Sun
- Properties of the Sun
- Our Solar System
- Other Heavenly Bodies of the Solar System
- Satellites
- Asteroids
- Dwarf planets
- Comet
- A meteor
- Artificial Satellites
- Definition: Artificial Satellite
- Key Points: Artificial Satellites
- Orbits of Artificial Satellites
- Key Points: Orbits of Artificial Satellites
- Space Missions Away from Earth
- Formula: Escape Velocity
- Kepler’s Laws
- International Space Station (ISS)
10 Matter Around Us [Revision]
- Matter (Substance)
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Experiment 3
- Experiment 4
- Substance (Matter)
- Physical Nature of matter
- Chemical properties
- Natural substances
- Pure Substances
- Pure substance
- Characteristics of Pure substance
- Examples of Pure Substance
- Elements
- Experiment
- Elements
- Compound
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Impure Substance
- Mixture
- Introduction
- Separation of Unwanted Substances from Mixtures
- Activity
- Differences Between Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Types of Mixtures
- Types of Mixtures
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Separation of Mixtures
- Methods of Separation
- Centrifugation Method
- Centrifugation and Its Working
- Principle and Applications of Centrifugation
- Experiment
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Introduction to Separation Using a Separating Funnel
- Experiment
- Simple Distillation Method
- Distillation Method
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Chromatography Method
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Centrifugation Method
- Sublimation
- Introduction to Solutions
- Composition of a Solution
- Mass Percentage or Percentage by Mass (w/w) and Volume Percentage or Percentage by Volume (v/v)
- Grams Per Litre (g/L) and Molarity (M)
- Formality (F) and Molality (m)
- Normality (N) and Mole Fraction (χ)
- Parts per Million (ppm)
- Examples
- Types of Solutions
- Colloidal Solution
- Definition
- Colloidal Solution
- Understanding Compounds
- Experiment
11 Atomic Structure [Revision]
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Introduction of Atom
- Discovery of Charged Particles and the Structure of an Atom
- Atomic Models
- Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) experiment
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
- Atomic Number (Z) and Mass Number (A)
- Atomic Mass
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Periodic Trends in the Modern Periodic Table
- Definition: Periodic Trends
- Definition: valency
- Isotopes
- Definition: Isotopes
- Examples
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes
- Quantum Numbers
- Principal quantum number (n)
- Azimuthal Quantum number (l) or subsidiary quantum number
- Magnetic quantum number (ml)
- Spin quantum number (ms)
- Shapes of atomic orbitals
- Radial distribution function
- Angular distribution function
- Energies of orbitals
12 Periodic Classification of Elements [Revision]
- Classification of Elements
- Key Points: Classification of Elements
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Definition: Elements
- Definition: Modern Periodic Table
- Key Points: Modern Periodic Table
- Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
- Key Points: Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Insights into Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Key Points: Insights into Mendeleev's Periodic Table
- Insights into Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Law
- Definition: Modern Periodic Law
- Law: Modern Periodic Law
- Advantage and Disadvantage of Modern Periodic Table
- Periods and Electronic Configuration
- Key Points: Period and Electronic Configuration
- Metalloid Character
- Metallic and Non-metallic Characters
- Definition: Electropositivity
- Definition: Electronegativity
- Key Points: Metallic and Non-metallic Characters
- Alloy
- Definition: Alloy
- Definition: Fusible Alloy
- Definition: Alloy Steel
- Definition: Amalgam
- Definition: Dental Amalgam
13 Chemical Bonding [Revision]
- Concept of Chemical Bonding
- Definition: Chemical Bond
- Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
- Definition: Ion
- Definition: Cation
- Definition: Anion
- Definition: Electropositive Element
- Definition: Electronegative Element
- Definition: Electrovalent Bond
- Definition: Electrovalent (or Ionic) Compounds
- Definition: Electrovalency
- The Covalent Bond
- Definition: Covalent Compound
- Definition: Covalent Molecule
- Key Points: The Covalent Bond
- Formation of Covalent Bond
- Key Points: Formation of Covalent Bond
- Fajan’s Rule
- Coordinate Bond
- Definition: Coordinate Bond
- Definition: Lone Pair
- Formation of Coordinate Bond
- Conditions for the formation of coordinate bond
- Formation of coordinate bond
- Formation of H3O+ ion and lone pair effect of oxygen atom
- Formation of Ammonium ion (NH4+) and Lone Pair Effect of Nitrogen Atom
- Formation of hydroxyl ion (OH-)
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Oxidation
- Definition: Oxidation Reaction
- Definition: Oxidants or Oxidising Agents
- Key Points: Oxidation
14 Acids, Bases and Salts [Revision]
- Acids
- Definition: Acid
- Properties of Acids > Physical Properties
- Key Points: Physical Properties of Acids
- Classification of Acids
- Key Points: Classification of Acids
- Uses of Acids
- Aquaregia
- Bases (Alkalis)
- Definition: Base
- Definition: Alkali
- Properties of Bases > Physical Properties
- Key Points: Physical Properties of Bases
- Classification of Bases (Alkalis)
- Key Points: Classification of Bases
- Uses of Bases
- Making of natural indicator
- Experiment: 1
- Experiment: 2
- Experiment: 3
- The pH Scale
- Salts
- Definition: Salt
- Classification of Salts
- Key Points: Classification of Salts
- Water of Crystallization
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- General Properties of Salts
- Definition: Hydrolysis
- Definition: Water of Crystallisation
- Definition: Decrepitation
- Definition: Efflorescence
- Definition: Hygroscopy
- Definition: Deliquescence
- Definition: Desiccating Agents or Drying Agents
- Definition: Dehydrating Agents
- Key Points: General Properties of Salts
- Identification of Salts
- Important Salts in Daily Life
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Preparation and Uses of Washing Soda
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Properties
- Uses
- Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda
- Introduction
- Properties
- Uses
- Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Properties
- Uses
- Similarities and Differences Between Acids and Bases
- Similarities and differences between acids and bases
- Acid solution in water conducts electricity
- What Happens to an Acid or a Base in a Water Solution?
15 Carbon and Its Compounds [Revision]
- Carbon: A Versatile Element
- Definition: Tetravalency of Carbon
- Definition: Catenation
- Key Points: Carbon-A Versatile Element
- Discovery of Carbon Milestones
- Classification of Compounds of Carbon
- Organic Compounds of Carbon
- Inorganic Compounds of Carbon
- Comparison between organic and inorganic compounds
- Special Features of Carbon
- Catenation
- Tetravalency
- Multiple Bonds
- Isomerism
- Allotropy
- Crystalline forms of Carbon
- Non-crystalline / Amorphous forms
- Allotropes of Carbon > Diamond
- Crystalline Forms
- Diamond
- Uses of Diamond
- Allotropes of Carbon > Graphite
- Graphite
- Experiment
- Uses of Graphite
- Allotropes of Carbon > Fullerene
- Fullerene
- Uses of Fullerene
- Straight chains, Branched chains, and Rings of Carbon atoms
- Definition: Aromatic Compounds
- Key Points: Straight Chains, Branched Chains, and Rings of Carbon Atoms
- Bonds in Carbon Compounds
- Definition: Organic Compounds
- Definition: Covalent Bond
- Key Points: Bonds in Carbon Compounds
- Man-made Fibre: Plastics
- Materials
- Plastic: A Manmade Material
- Properties of Plastic
- Identifying Different Types of Plastics: Resin Codes
- Harmful Effects of Plastics
- New Rules to Make Tamil Nadu Plastic Free
- Role of Students in the Prevention of Plastic Pollution
16 Applied Chemistry [Revision]
- Applied Chemistry
- Nanochemistry
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Anaesthetics
- Antacid
- Antibiotics
- Definition: Antibiotics
- Analgesics
- Antipyretic
- Antiseptics and Disinfectants
- Antiseptics
- Disinfectants
- Differences between antiseptics and disinfectants
- Antimalarial
- Concept of Electrochemistry
- Electro Chemical Cells
- Radiochemistry
- Dye Chemistry
- Agricultural Chemistry
- Food Chemistry
- Forensic Chemistry
17 Animal Kingdom [Revision]
- Classification of Living Organisms
- Classification
- Need for Classification
- Advantages of Classification
- Taxonomy and Systematics
- Taxonomy
- Systematics
- Classification of Taxonomy
- Plant Taxonomy
- Animal Taxonomy
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Grades of Organization
- Key Points: Grades of Organization
- Nomenclature
- Definition: Nomenclature
- Key Points: Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Non Chordates (Invertebrata)
- Chordates
- Chordata: Prochordata
- Chordata: Vertebrata
- Comparison of chordates and non-chordates
- Non Chordates (Invertebrata)
- Phylum: Porifera
- Definition: Ostia
- Definition: Osculum
- Definition: Collar Cells
- Key Points: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Definition: Polyp
- Definition: Medusa
- Key Points: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Key Points: Platyhelminthes
- Phylum: Aschelminthes
- Key Points: Aschelminthes
- Phylum: Annelida
- Key Points: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Key Points: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Key Points: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Key Points: Echinodermata
- Phylum: Hemichordata
- Key Points: Hemichordata
- Phylum: Porifera
- Subphylum: Prochordata
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata
- Key Points: Vertebrata/Craniata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata
18 Organisation of Tissues [Revision]
- Tissues - “The Teams of Workers”
- Introduction
- Differences Between Plant and Animal Tissues
- Plant and Animals Tissue
- Plant Tissues
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Introduction
- Types of Meristematic Tissue
- Permanent Tissue
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Types of Simple Permanent Tissues
- Complex Permanent Tissues
- Introduction
- Types of Complex Permanent Tissues
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Introduction
- Simple Epithelium Tissue
- Compound Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Introduction
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Dense Connective Tissue
- Specialized Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Introduction
- Types of Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
- Introduction
- Structure of a Neuron
- Epithelial Tissue
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Key Points: Cell Division
- Mitosis > Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)
- Definition: Karyokinesis
- Definition: Centromere
- Definition: Spindle Fibres
- Key Points: Karyokinesis
- Mitosis > Cytokinesis (Division of Cytoplasm)
- Definition: Cytokinesis
- Key Points: Cytokinesis
- Significance of Mitosis
- Meiosis: Reduction Division
- Key Points: Meiosis
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis I
- Key Points: Meiosis I
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis II
- Key Points: Meiosis II
- Significance of Meiosis
- Mitosis Vs Meiosis
19 Plant Physiology [Revision]
- Tropic Movements in Plants
- Definition: Tropism
- Definition: Tropic
- Definition: Tropic Movements
- Nastic Movements
- Concept of Photosynthesis
- Definition: Photosynthesis
- Explanation
- Process of Photosynthesis
- Chemical Equation: Photosynthesis
- Key Points: Process of Photosynthesis
20 Organ Systems in Animals [Revision]
- Human Organ System
- The Mouth and Buccal Cavity
- The Teeth and Its Structure
- Teeth and Its Types
- Structure of a Tooth
- The Salivary Glands
- Swallowing and Peristalsis
- The Food Pipe/Oesophagus
- Introduction
- Function of the Oesophagus
- The Stomach
- Introduction
- Function of the Stomach
- The Small Intestine
- Introduction
- Functions of Small Intestine
- Human Digestive System
- Digestion
- Alimentary Canal
- Digestive organs
- Absorption of Food
- Assimilation of Food
- The Large Intestine
- Introduction
- Functions of the Large Intestine
- Human Excretory System
- Introduction
- Human Excretory System Organs
- Excretion in Humans
- Mechanism of Excretion in Humans
- Dialysis
- Kidney and Its Internal Structure
- Definition: Nephrons
- Definition: Papilla
- Key Points: Kidneys
- Structure of a Kidney Tubule (Nephrons)
- Definition: Bowman's Capsule
- Definition: Glomerulus
- Definition: Malpighian Capsule (Renal Capsule)
- Key Points: Structure and Function of a Nephron
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- Definition: Ultrafiltration
- Definition: Glomerular Filtrate
- Definition: Selective Absorption
- Definition: Tubular Secretion
- The Excretory Organs
- Key Points: Excretory Organs
- Dialysis and Artificial Kidney
- Dialysis
- Definition: Dialysis
- Definition: Artificial Kidney
- Types of Dialysis
21 Nutrition and Health [Revision]
- Food and Its Types
- Nutrients and Nutrition
- Introduction
- Modes of Nutrition
- Types of Nutrients
- Component of Food
- Carbohydrates
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Carbohydrates
- Types of Carbohydrates and their Importance
- Fats (Lipids)
- Experiment
- Fats (Lipids)
- Vitamin and Minerals
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Carbohydrates
- Component of Food: Minerals
- Macro-minerals
- Trace minerals (micro-minerals)
- Deficiency Diseases
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Carbohydrates
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Proteins
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Fats
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Vitamin
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Minerals
- Spoilage of Food
- Causes and Prevention of Food Spoilage
- Effects of Storing Food Improperly
- Food and Micro-organisms
- Methods of Food Preservation
- Methods of Food Preservation
- Methods of Food Protection
- Food Adulteration
- Food Quality Control
22 World of Microbes [Revision]
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Prions
- Useful micro-organisms
- Experiment
- Uses of Microorganisms:
- Manifestation of Diseases
- Categories of Disease
- Categories of Disease
- Extent of occurrence
- Endemic diseases
- Epidemic diseases
- Pandemic diseases
- Sporadic diseases - Communicability: Communicable or Infectious diseases & Non- Communicable or Non-Infectious diseases
- Kinds of pathogens
- Kinds of transmitting agents
- Congenital diseases and acquired diseases
- Other types of diseases
- Infectious diseases
- Hereditary diseases
- Physiological diseases
- Deficiency diseases
- Harmful Microorganisms
- Airborne Diseases
- Airborne Diseases Caused by Virus
- Airborne Diseases Caused by Virus
- Hepatitus A
- Hepatitus E
- Airborne Diseases Caused by Bacteria
- Contamination of Water and Water Borne Diseases
- Waterborne diseases
- Contamination of Water
- Prevention of Waterborne Diseases
- Waterborne Diseases Caused by Virus
- Waterborne Diseases Caused by Virus
- Hepatitus A
- Hepatitus E
- Waterborne Diseases Caused by Bacteria
- Waterborne Diseases Caused by Bacteria:
- Diarrhoea
- Dysentery (Shigellosis)
- Typhoid Fever Bacteria (Salmonella)
- Cholera
- Vector Borne Diseases
- Common Diseases in Human Beings
- Diseases Transmitted by Animals
23 Economic Biology [Revision]
- Horticulture
- Manuring (Biomanuring)
- Crop Biotechnology > Biofertilizers
- Medicinal Plants
- Mushroom Cultivation
- Hydroponics
- Aeroponics
- Aquaponics
- Aquaculture
- Fish culture
- Prawn Culture
- Pearl Culture
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Prawn Culture
- Vermicomposting
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Apiculture (Bee Farming)
24 Environmental Science [Revision]
- Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
- Adaptations of Plants
- Adaptation in Animals
- Water Management (Conservation of Water)
- Waste Water Management
- International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
25 Computer – LibreOffice Impress [Revision]
- Libreoffice
- Presentation
