Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 12 Physics Syllabus - Free PDF Download
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2025-26 Class 12: The Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 12 Physics Syllabus for the examination year 2025-26 has been released by the Tamil Nadu Board, Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2025-26 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 12 Physics Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 12 Physics Syllabus for 2025-26 is below.
Academic year:
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 12 Physics Revised Syllabus
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 12 Physics Course Structure 2025-26 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
1 Electrostatics
- Historical Background of Electric Charges
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Introduction
- Coulomb’s Law
- Scalar Form of Coulomb’s Law
- Introduction
- Statement
- Analysis
- Permittivity and Dielectrics
- Comparison with Gravitation
- Importance
- Scalar Form of Coulomb’s Law
- Electric Field
- Electric Lines of Force
- Definition: Line of Force
- Characteristics of Electric Lines of Force
- Imaginary Lines, Real Uses
- Electric Lines of Force
- Electric Dipole and Its Properties
- Electric dipole
- Electric field due to a dipole
- Torque experienced by an electric dipole in the uniform electric field
- Electrostatic Potential and Potential Energy
- Electrostatic Potential energy and Electrostatic potential
- Electric potential due to a point charge
- Electrostatic potential at a point due to an electric dipole
- Equi-potential Surface
- Relation between electric field and potential
- Electrostatic potential energy for collection of point charges
- Electrostatic potential energy of a dipole in a uniform electric field
- Application of Gauss' Law
- Electric Field Intensity due to Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell or Hollow Sphere
- Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinitely Long Straight Charged Wire
- Electric Field due to a Charged Infinite Plane Sheet
- Electrostatics of Conductors and Dielectrics
- Conductors at electrostatic equilibrium
- Electrostatic shielding
- Electrostatic induction
- Dielectrics or insulators
- Induced Electric field inside the dielectric
- Dielectric strength
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Capacitance
- Redistribution of charges and concept of common potential
- Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor
- Capacitor
- Principle of a capacitor
- Types of capacitor
1) Parallel plate capacitor
2) Spherical capacitor
3) Cylindrical capacitor - Applications of capacitors
- Distribution of Charges in a Conductor and Action at Points
- Distribution of charges in a conductor
- Action of points or Corona discharge
- Lightning arrester or lightning conductor
- Van de Graaff Generator
2 Current Electricity
- Electric Current
- Definition: Current
- Definition: Electric Current
- Key Points: Electric Current
- Ohm's Law
- Definition: Conductance
- Law: Ohm's Law
- Energy and Power in Electrical Circuits
- Electric Cells and Batteries
- Electromotive force and internal resistance
- Determination of internal resistance
- Cells in series
- Cells in parallel
- Kirchhoff’s Laws
- Kirchhoff's First Law or Junction Rule
- Kirchhoff's Second Law or Loop Rule
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Definition: Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Key Points: Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Thermoelectric Effect
- Seebeck effect
- Peltier effect
- Thomson effect
3 Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
- Concept of Magnetism
- Basics of a Bar Magnet and Magnetic Lines of Force
- Introduction
- Fundamental Facts
- Coulomb’s Inverse Square Law of Magnetism
- Magnetic field at a point along the axial line of the magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
- Magnetic field at a point along the equatorial line due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
- Torque Acting on a Bar Magnet in Uniform Magnetic Field
- Potential energy of a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field
- Properties of Solids: Magnetic Properties
- Classification of Magnetic Materials
- Classification of Magnetic Materials:
- Diamagnetic
- Paramagnetic
- Ferromagnetic
- Ferrimagnetic
- Antiferromagnetic
- Piezoelectricity
- Pyroelectricity
- Hysteresis: Retentivity and Coercivity
- Hysteresis Curve
- Hysteresis Loss
- Hysteresis Loop
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Key Points: Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Biot-Savart Law
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Biot-Savart's Law in Terms of Current Density
- Units and Dimensions
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Lorentz Force
- Torque on a Current-Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
4 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Electromagnetic Induction
- Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents
- Explanation
- Applications
- Self – Induction
- Introduction
- Definition: Self-Induction
- Coefficient of Self-induction
- Dimensions of L
- Methods of Producing Induced Emf
- Introduction
- Production of induced emf by changing the magnetic field
- Production of induced emf by changing the area of the coil
- Production of induced emf by changing relative orientation of the coil with the magnetic field
- A.C. Generator
- Principle
- Construction and Its Main Parts
- Working
- Frequency of Altering Current
- Transformers
- Introduction
- Principle
- Construction
- Theory
- Energy Losses in a Transformer
- Utility of Transformers in Long-distance Power Transmission
- Types of Transformer
- Examples
- Uses of Transformers
- Table
- Power in AC Circuit
- Circuit Containing Pure Resistance Only
- Circuit Containing both Inductance and Resistance (L-R Circuit)
- Electrical Oscillations in L-C Circuit
5 Electromagnetic Waves
- EM Wave
- Basic Laws and their Origin
- Types of Spectrum Emission and Absorption Spectrumfraunhofer Lines
6 Ray Optics
- Introduction to Light
- Spherical Mirrors
- Definition: Spherical Mirror
- Definition: Concave Mirror
- Definition: Convex Mirror
- Definition: Pole
- Definition: Centre of Curvature
- Definition: Radius of Curvature
- Definition: Principal Axis
- Introduction
- Types of Spherical Mirrors
- Activity
- Key Points: Spherical Mirrors
- Speed of Light
- Fizeau’s method to determine speed of light
- Speed of light through different media
- Refractive index
- Optical path
- Refraction of Light
- Definition: Refraction
- Definition: Refracted Light
- Definition: Refraction of Light
- Key Points: Refraction of Light
- Refraction at Single Spherical Surface
- Equation for Refraction at Single Spherical Surface
- Lateral magnification in single spherical surface
- Thin Lens
- Primary and secondary focal points
- Sign conventions for lens on focal length
- Lens maker’s formula and lens equation
- Lateral magnification in thins lens
- Silvered lenses
- Power of a lens
- Focal length of lenses in contact
- Focal length of lenses in out of contact
- Prism
- Definition: Prism
- Theories on Light
- Corpuscular theory
- Wave theory
- Electromagnetic wave theory
- Quantum theory
- Wave Nature of Light
- Wave optics
- Huygens’ Principle
- Proof for laws of reflection using Huygens’ Principle
- Proof for laws of refraction using Huygens’ Principle
- Interference
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Optical Instruments
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power
7 Wave Optics
- Theories on Light
- Corpuscular theory
- Wave theory
- Electromagnetic wave theory
- Quantum theory
- Wave Nature of Light
- Wave optics
- Huygens’ Principle
- Proof for laws of reflection using Huygens’ Principle
- Proof for laws of refraction using Huygens’ Principle
- Huygens' Principle
- Wavefront
- Wave normal
- Wave surface
- Huygens' Principle
- Spherical Wavefront
- Plane Wavefront
- Cylindrical wavefront
- Proof of Laws of Reflection and Refraction Using Huygens' Principle
- Proof of laws of reflection by using Huygens' principle
- Proof of laws of refraction using Huygens' Principle
- Interference
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Optical Instruments
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power
- Simple Microscope or a Reading Glass
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Limiting Cases
- Example
- Compound Microscope
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Remarks
- Example
- Telescope
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power of a Telescope
- Example
- Optical Instruments: Spectrometer
- Three parts of spectrometer
(i) Collimator
(ii) Prism table
(iii) Telescope - Preliminary adjustments of the spectrometer
(a) Adjustment of the eyepiece
(b) Adjustment of the telescope
(c) Adjustment of the collimator
(d) Levelling of the prism table - Determination of refractive index of material of the prism
(i) Angle of the prism A
(ii) Angle of minimum deviation D
- Three parts of spectrometer
- Optical Instruments: the Eye
- Nearsightedness (myopia)
- Farsightedness (hypermetropia)
- Astigmatism
8 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- Electron Emission
- Electron emission
- Thermionic emission
- Field emission
- Photoelectric emission
- Photo Electric Effect
- Hertz, Hallwachs and Lenard’s observation
- Effect of intensity of incident light on photoelectric current
- Effect of potential difference on photoelectric current
- Effect of frequency of incident light on stopping potential
- Laws of photoelectric effect
- Concept of quantization of energy
- Particle nature of light: Einstein’s explanation
- Photo electric cells and their applications
- Matter Waves
- Introduction - Wave nature of particles
- De Broglie wave length
- De Broglie wave length of electrons
- Davisson – Germer experiment
- Electron Microscope
9 Atomic and Nuclear Physics
- Introduction to Atomic and Nuclear Physics
- Electric Discharge Through Gases
- Determination of specific charge e/m of an electron - J.J. Thomson’s experiment
- Determination of charge of an electron – Millikan’s oil drop experiment
- Introduction to Atom Models
- Bohr atom model
- Limitation of Bohr's atom model
- J. J. Thomson’s Model (Water melon model)
- Rutherford’s model
- Atomic spectra
- Nuclei
- Composition of nucleus
- Isotopes, isobars, and isotones
- Atomic and nuclear masses
- Size and density of the nucleus
- Mass defect and binding energy
- Binding energy curve
- Constituents of a Nucleus
- Isotopes
- Definition: Isotopes
- Examples
- Atomic and Nuclear Masses
- Size and Density of the Nucleus
- Mass Defect and Binding Energy
- Nuclear Force
- Radioactivity
- Introduction
- Becquerel Rays
- Radioactivity is a Nuclear Phenomenon
- Discovery of Radioactivity
- Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Substances
- Nuclear Fission
- Definition: Nuclear Fission
- Explanation
- Calculation of Energy Released in One Fission
- Controlled and Uncontrolled Chain Reactions
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
10 Electronics and Communication
- Types of Semiconductors
- Types of semiconductors
- Intrinsic semiconductors
- Extrinsic semiconductors
- Diodes
- P-N Junction formation
- P-N Junction diode
- Characteristics of a junction diode
- Rectification
- Breakdown mechanism
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic devices
- Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
- Emitter
- Base
- Collector
- Depletion region
- Current
- Resistance
- Working of a p-n-p transistor
- Transistor configuration
- The Common Emitter (CE) Configuration
- The Common Emitter (CE) characteristic
- Transistor as an Amplifier
- Working of the amplifier
- Digital Electronics
- Analog and Digital Signals
- Logic gates
- Boolean Algebra
- De Morgan’s Theorem
- De Morgan’s First Theorem
- De Morgan’s Second Theorem
- Integrated Chips
- Communication System
- Origin
- Modulation
- Introduction
- Amplitude Modulation
- Frequency Modulation
- The Elements of an Electronic Communication System
- Antenna Size
- Propagation of EM Waves
- Introduction
- Ionizing Radiations
- Applications of X-rays in Medicine and Industry
- Satellite Communication
- Fibre Optic Communication
- Radar and Applications
- Mobile Communication
- Internet, Web and the Internet of Things
- Introduction to Internet, Web and the Internet of thIngs
- The World Wide Web (WWW)
- Global Positioning System
11 Recent Developments in Physics
- What is Physics?
- What is Physics?
- Two thrusts in physics : Unification and Reductionism
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Nanoscience
- Interdiscilinary nature of Nanotechnology
- Nano in Nature
- Early Beginning and Development
- Nano in Laboratories
- Application of Nano Technology
- Possible harmful e ects of nanoparticles
- Robotics
- Physics in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy
- The development in medical field has been proportional to the evolution of physics as indicated below
- The recent advancement in medical technology includes
- Virtual reality
- Precision medicine
- Health wearables
- Artificial organs
- 3D printing
- Wireless brain sensors
- Robotic surgery
- Smart inhalers
