Topics
Force, Work, Power and Energy
Force
Light
Work, Energy and Power
- Concept of Work
- Measurement of Work
- Expression for Work (W = F S cosθ)
- Work Done by the Force of Gravity (W = mgh)
- Concept of Power
- Work vs Power
- Concept of Energy
- Energy vs Power
- Mechanical Energy > Potential Energy (U)
- Mechanical Energy > Kinetic Energy (K)
- Potential vs Kinetic Energy
- Conversion of Potential Energy into Kinetic Energy
- Forms of Energy > Solar Energy
- Forms of Energy > Heat Energy
- Forms of Energy > Light Energy
- Forms of Energy > Chemical Energy
- Forms of Energy > Hydro Energy
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Forms of Energy > Geo Thermal Energy
- Forms of Energy > Wind Energy
- Forms of Energy > Sound Energy
- Forms of Energy > Magnetic Energy
- Forms of Energy > Mechanical Energy
- Conversion of Energies
- Principle of Conservation of Energy
- Proof: Kinetic + Potential Energy = Constant for Free Fall
- Application of the Principle of Conservation of Energy
Sound
Machines
- Concept of Machines
- Technical Terms Related to a Machine
- Principle of a Machine
- Efficiency, Mechanical Advantage, and Velocity Ratio
- Levers
- Types of Levers
- Pulley
- Single Fixed Pulley
- A Single Movable Pulley
- Single Pulley vs Single Movable Pulley
- Combination of Pulleys
- Using one fixed pulley and other movable pulleys
- Using several pulleys in two blocks (block and tackle system)
Electricity and Magnetism
Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces
- Light: Reflection and Refraction
- Refraction of Light
- Laws of Refraction
- Speed of Light in Different Media
- Principle of Reversibility of the Path of Light
- Refraction Laws & Glass Index
- Refraction of Light Through a Rectangular Glass Block
- Multiple Images in a Thick Mirror
- Prism
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Real and Apparent Depth
- Apparent Bending of a Stick Under Water
- Consequences of Refraction of Light
- Transmission of Light From a Denser Medium to a Rarer Medium
- Critical Angle
- Relationship between Critical Angle and Refractive Index
- Total Internal Reflection
- Total Internal Reflection in a Prism
- Total Internal Reflection Through a Right-Angled Isosceles Prism
- Total Internal Reflection Through an Equilateral Prism
- Total Internal Reflection Through Right-angled prism
- Use of a Total Internal Reflecting Prism in Place of a Plane Mirror
- Total Internal Reflection vs Reflecting from a Plane Mirror
- Consequences of Total Internal Refraction
Heat
Refraction Through a Lens
- Concept of Lenses
- Action of a Lens as a Set of Prisms
- Technical Terms Related to a Lens
- Convex Lens vs Concave Lens
- Refraction of Light Through an Equi-Convex Lens and an Equi-Concave Lens
- Principal Rays for Ray Diagrams
- Real Image vs Virtual Image
- Construction of a Ray Diagram for a Lens
- Images Formed by Convex Lenses
- Images Formed by Concave Lenses
- Sign Convention
- Lens Formula
- Linear Magnification
- Power of a Lens
- Magnifying Glass Or Simple Microscope
- Application of Lenses
- Experimental Determination of Focal Length of Convex Lens
- Convex Lens vs Concave Lens
Modern Physics
Spectrum
- Deviation Produced by a Triangular Prism
- Colour in White Light with Their Wavelength and Frequency Range
- Dispersion of Light
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Properties and Uses of Different Radiations of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Distinction between Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Radiations
- Scattering of Light
- Applications of Scattering of Light
Sound
- Sound Waves
- Light Waves vs Sound Waves
- Reflection of Sound Waves
- Echo
- Determination of Speed of Sound by the Method of Echo
- Use of Echoes
- Natural Vibrations
- Damped Vibrations
- Natural Vibrations vs Damped Vibrations
- Forced Vibrations
- Natural Vibrations vs Forced Vibrations
- Resonance (a special case of forced vibrations)
- Demonstration of Resonance
- Forced Vibrations vs Resonant Vibrations
- Examples of Resonance
- Characteristics of Sound
- Loudness and Intensity
- Pitch and frequency
- Quality and Wave Form
- Music and Noise
Current Electricity
- Electric Charge
- Electric Current
- Potential and Potential Difference
- Electric Resistance
- Ohm's Law
- Experimental Verification of Ohm’s Law
- Ohmic and Non-ohmic Resistors
- Specific Resistance
- Choice of Material of a Wire
- Superconductors
- Electro-Motive Force of a Cell
- Terminal Voltage of a Cell
- Internal Resistance of a Cell
- Resistance of a System of Resistors
- Resistors in Series
- Resistors in Parallel
- A combination of resistors in both series and parallel
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Measurement of Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy
- Power Rating of Common Electrical Appliances
- Household Consumption of Electric Energy
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
Household Circuits
- Transmission of Power from the Power Generating Station to the Consumer
- Power Distribution to a House
- House Wiring (Ring System)
- Fuse
- Reason for connecting the fuse in the live wire
- Current Rating of a Fuse
- Switches
- Circuits with Dual Control Switches (Staircase Wire)
- Earthing
- Three-pin Plug and Socket
- Colour Coding of Wires in a Cable
- High Tension Wires
- Precautions to Be Taken While Using Electricity
Electro-Magnetism
- Oersted's Experiment
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field due to a Finite Straight Current-Carrying Wire
- Right-hand Thumb Rule
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Centre of a Circular Loop
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Solenoid
- Electromagnet
- Permanent Magnet
- Comparison of an Electro Magnet with a Permanent Magnet
- Advantages of an Electromagnet over a Permanent Magnet
- Uses of Electromagnet
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Simple D.C. Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Demonstration of the Phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday's Explanation
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- A.C. Generator
- Frequency of an a.c. in Household Supplies
- Comparison Between A.C. Generator and D.C. Motor
- Transformers
Calorimetry
- Heat
- The Temperature and a Thermometer
- Factors Affecting the Quantity of Heat Absorbed to Increase the Temperature of a Body
- Heat vs Temperature
- Thermal or Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Heat Capacity vs Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity of Some Common Substances
- Calorimetry
- Principle of Method of Mixtures or Principle of Calorimetry
- Natural Phenomena and Consequences of High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- Examples of High and Low Heat Capacity
- Change of State
- Melting and Freezing
- Melting Point and Its Effects
- Vaporisation or Boiling
- Boiling Point and Its Effects
- Latent Heat
- Specific Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
- Explanation of Latent Heat of Melting based on Kinetic Model
- Natural Consequences of High Specific Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
Radioactivity
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
- Atomic Model
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Isotones
- Radioactivity
- Radioactivity as emission of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiations
- Properties of Alpha Particles
- Properties of Beta Particles
- Properties of Gamma Radiations
- Distinction between the Properties of α, β, and γ Radiations
- Changes Within the Nucleus in Alpha, Beta and Gamma Emission
- Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
- Sources of Harmful Radiations
- Harmful Effects of Radiation
- Safety Precautions While Using Nuclear Energy
- Background Radiations
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Fission
- Radioactive Decay Vs Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Fusion
- Nuclear Fission Vs Nuclear Fusion
- Definition: Prism
Notes
Prism:
A prism is a polyhedron whose base and top are congruent polygons and whose other faces, i.e., the lateral faces are parallelograms, rectangles, or squares. All prism is polyhedron, which means all faces are flat.
Properties of a prism:
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The two parallel and congruent faces of a prism are called bases. The other faces of a prism are called lateral faces.
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The number of lateral faces in a prism is the same as the number of sides of its polygonal bases.
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The line segments created by two intersecting faces are called edges.
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The vertices are points where three or more edges meet.
- If the base of a prism is a regular polygon, it is called a regular prism. Otherwise, it is an irregular prism.
Regular Prism |
Irregular Prism |
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The bases for the regular hexagonal prism are regular hexagons. |
The bases for the hexagonal prism are irregular hexagon. |
2. Types of Prism:
1. Triangle Prism:
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A right triangular prism has rectangular sides A triangular prism is composed of two triangular bases and three rectangular sides. It is a polyhedron made of a triangular base.
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A right triangular prism has rectangular sides, otherwise, it is oblique.
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A uniform triangular prism is a right triangular prism with equilateral bases and square sides.
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A triangular prism looks like the shape of a Kaleidoscope. It has triangles as its bases.
2. Square Prism:
A square prism is a cuboid (a convex polyhedron) which has 6 faces out of which two end-faces are square, 4 lateral faces are rectangles.
3. Pentagonal Prism:
The pentagonal prism is a prism having two pentagonal bases and five rectangular sides. It is a heptahedron with 7 faces, 15 edges, and 10 vertices.
4. Hexagonal Prism:
The hexagonal prism has a total of 8 faces. It has 6 lateral faces that are parallelograms and 2 bases that are hexagons. It also has 18 edges and 12 vertices.
5. Rectangular Prism:
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A rectangular prism is a solid, 3-dimensional object with six faces that are rectangles.
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It has the same cross-section along a length, which makes it a prism. The cross-section is a rectangle.
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A rectangular prism has 8 vertices, 12 sides, and 6 rectangular faces.
6. Right prisms and oblique prisms:
Prisms can also be further classified based on how their lateral faces intersect with their bases. If all the lateral faces are perpendicular to the bases, the prism is called a right prism. If not, it is called an oblique prism.
Right prisms |
Oblique prisms |
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Properties and Types of Prism
Properties of Prism:
- The top and bottom are congruent and parallel.
- Except for the base and top, every face is a parallelogram. These are referred to as Lateral faces.
- Every lateral face shares one edge with both the base and the top.
- The common edge of the two adjacent side faces determines the prism’s height.
Types of Prism:
| Types of Prism | Cuboid (Rectangular Prism) | Triangular Prism |
| Faces | 6 rectangular faces | 2 triangular faces and 3 rectangular faces |
| Edges | 12 | 9 |
| Vertices | 8 | 6 |
| Features | Opposite faces are identical (congruent); also called quadrangular prism | Has same triangular cross-section along its length |
| Illustration |  |
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Definition: Prism
A prism is a transparent medium bounded by five plane surfaces with a triangular cross-section.
