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Relations and Functions
Relations and Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Algebra
Matrices
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Calculus
Vectors and Three-dimensional Geometry
Determinants
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Linear Programming
Continuity and Differentiability
- Concept of Continuity
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- Mean Value Theorem
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Applications of Derivatives
- Introduction to Applications of Derivatives
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Probability
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Integrals
- Introduction of Integrals
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Applications of the Integrals
Differential Equations
- Differential Equations
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Vectors
- Vector
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- Direction Cosines
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Three - Dimensional Geometry
- Introduction of Three Dimensional Geometry
- Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line
- Relation Between Direction Ratio and Direction Cosines
- Equation of a Line in Space
- Angle Between Two Lines
- Shortest Distance Between Two Lines
- Three - Dimensional Geometry Examples and Solutions
- Equation of a Plane Passing Through Three Non Collinear Points
- Forms of the Equation of a Straight Line
- Coplanarity of Two Lines
- Distance of a Point from a Plane
- Angle Between Line and a Plane
- Angle Between Two Planes
- Vector and Cartesian Equation of a Plane
- Equation of a Plane in Normal Form
- Equation of a Plane Perpendicular to a Given Vector and Passing Through a Given Point
- Distance of a Point from a Plane
- Plane Passing Through the Intersection of Two Given Planes
- Overview of Three Dimensional Geometry
Linear Programming
Probability
Notes
Let `L_1` and `L_2` be two lines passing through the origin and with direction ratios `a_1, b_1, c_1` and `a_2, b_2, c_2`, respectively. Let P be a point on `L_1` and Q be a point on `L_2`. Consider the directed lines OP and OQ as given in following fig. 
Let θ be the acute angle between OP and OQ. Now recall that the directed line segments OP and OQ are vectors with components `a_1, b_1, c_1` and `a_2, b_2, c_2`, respectively. Therefore, the angle θ between them is given by
` cos θ = |(a_1a_2 + b_1b_2 + c_1c_2)/(sqrt(a_1^2 + b_1^2 + c_1^2) sqrt (a_2^2 + b_2^2 + c_2^2))| ` ...(1)
The angle between the lines in terms of sin θ is given by
`sin θ = sqrt (1- cos^2 θ) `
`= sqrt (1- (a_1a_2 + b_1b_2 + c_1c_2)^2 / ((a_1^2 + b_1^2 + c_1^2) (a_2^2 + b_2^2 + c_2^2)))`
`= sqrt ((a_1^2 + b_1^2 + c_1^2) (a_2^2 + b_2^2 + c_2^2) - (a_1a_2 + b_1b_2 + c_1c_2)^2 ) / (sqrt(a_1^2 + b_1^2 + c_1^2 ) sqrt(a_2^2 + b_2^2 +c_2^2))`
`= sqrt ((a_1 b_2 - a_2 b_1) ^2 + (b_1 c_2 - b_2 c_1)^ 2 + (c_1 a_2 - c_2 a_1) ^2 )/ (sqrt (a_1^2 + b_1^2 + c_1^2) sqrt (a_2^2 + b_2^2 + c_2^2))` ...(2)`
If instead of direction ratios for the lines `L_1` and `L_2`, direction cosines, namely, `l_1, m_1, n_1` for `L_1` and `l_2, m_2, n_2` for `L_2` are given, then (1) and (2) takes the following form:
cos θ = `|l_1 l_2 + m_1m_2 + n_1n_2|` `("as" l_1^2 + m_1^2 + n_1^2 = 1 = l_2^2 + m_2^2 + n_2^2)` ...(3)
and sin θ = `sqrt( (l_1m_2 - l_2m_1)^2 - (m_1n_2 - m_2n_1)^2 + (n_1l_2 - n_2 l_1)^2)` ..(4)
Two lines with direction ratios `a_1, b_1, c_1` and `a_2, b_2, c_2` are
(i) perpendicular i.e. if θ = 90° by (1)
`a_1a_2 + b_1b_2 + c_1c_2 `= 0
(ii) parallel i.e. if θ = 0 by (2)
`a_1/a_2 = b_1/b_2 = c_1/c_2`
Now, we find the angle between two lines when their equations are given. If θ is acute the angle between the lines
`vec r = vec a_1 + lambda vec b_1` and `vec r = vec a_2 + mu vec b _2`
then `cos theta = |(vec b _1 . vec b_2)/(|vec b _1|| vec b _2|)|`
