- Directing initiates action and helps in achieving organisational objectives.
- It integrates individual efforts towards common organisational goals.
- Directing helps employees realise their full potential through motivation and leadership.
- It facilitates the implementation of changes by reducing resistance through proper guidance and communication.
- Effective directing brings stability and balance by promoting cooperation and commitment.
Topics
Principles and Functions of Management
Nature and Significance of Management
- Concept of Management
- Objectives of Management
- Importance of Management
- Management as an Art, Science and Profession
- Levels of Management
- Functions of Management
- Coordination as an Essence of Management
- Management as an Art
- Management as a Science
- Management as a Profession
- Overview of Nature and Significance of Management
Principles of Management
- Concept of Management Principles
- Significance of Management Principles
- Henry Fayol's Administrative Theory of Management
- Frederick Winslow Taylor's Scientific Management Theory
- Standardisation and Simplification of Work
- Overview of Principles of Management
Business Environment
- Concept of Business Environment
- Importance of Business Environment
- External Factors> Natural Environment
- Impact of Government Policy Changes on Business with Special Reference to Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in India
- External Factors> Economic Environment
- Overview of Business Environment
Planning
- Planning
- Limitation of Planning
- Planning Process
- Objective of Single Use and Standing Plans
- Strategy of Single Use and Standing Plans
- Policy of Single Use and Standing Plans
- Single Use and Standing Plans - Method Rule
- Budget and Programme
- Types of Plans
- Overview of Planning
Organising
- Organising
- Structure of Organisation
- Concept of Delegation of Authority
- Elements of Delegation
- Importance of Delegation of Authority
- Concept of Decentralization
- Importance of Decentralization
- Steps in the Process of Organising
- Overview of Organising
Staffing
- Staffing
- Staffing as a Part of Human Resource Management
- Evolution of Human Resource Management
- Staffing Process
- Staffing - Recruitment Process
- Steps in Employee Selection Process
- Concept of Training and Development
- Importance of Training and Development
- Methods of Training
- Overview of Staffing
Directing
- Directing
- Principles of Directing
- Elements of Directing
- Concept of Supervision
- Importance of Supervision
- Function of a Supervisor
- Concept of Motivation
- Importance of Motivation
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Motivation - Financial and Non Financial Incentives
- Concept of Leadership
- Importance of Leadership
- Leadership Styles
- Communication
- Elements of the Communication Process
- Importance of Communication in Business
- Formal and Informal Communication
- Barriers to Communication
- How to Overcome the Barriers
- Overview of Directing
Controlling
- Controlling
- Features of Controlling
- Relationship Between Planning and Controlling
- Techniques of Managerial Control
- Responsibility Accounting
- Management Audit
- Overview of Controlling
Business Finance and Marketing
Financial Management
- Concept of Financial Management
- Role and Objectives of Financial Management
- Financial decisions - investment
- Financial Decisions - Financing and Dividend
- Concept of Financial Planning
- Importance of Financial Planning
- Concept of Capital Structure
- Concept of Fixed and Working Capital
- Factors Affecting Fixed and Working Capital Requirements
- Overview of Financial Management
Marketing
- Concept of Financial Market
- Types of Financial Markets
- Money Market in India
- Capital Market in India
- Kinds of Capital Market
- Methods of Floatation in the Primary Market
- Stock Exchange
- Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
- Distinction Between Capital Market and Money Market
- National Stock Exchange of India (NSE)
- Overview of Marketing
Consumer Protection
- Concept of Consumer Protection
- Consumer Protection Act 1986 (COPRA)
- Concept of Consumer
- Responsibilities of Consumers
- Legal Redressal Machinery Under Consumer Protection Act 1986
- Remedies Available to the Consumer Under Consumer Protection Act 1986
- Consumer Awareness
- Role of Consumer Organisations and NGO's
- Legal Protection to Consumers
- Overview of Consumer Protection
Estimated time: 95 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Directing
- Directing means instructing, guiding, motivating, and leading employees to achieve organisational goals.
- It is an important managerial function performed at all levels of management.
- Directing initiates action in the organisation after planning, organising, and staffing.
- It is a continuous process that goes on throughout the life of the organisation.
- Directing flows from top to bottom through the organisational hierarchy.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Importance of Directing
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Principles of Directing
- Directing should encourage maximum individual contribution towards organisational goals.
- There should be harmony between individual and organisational objectives.
- Unity of command must be followed, meaning each employee should receive instructions from only one superior.
- Effective communication and appropriate motivation techniques should be used while directing.
- Managers should exercise good leadership and follow up to ensure instructions are properly implemented.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Elements of Direction> Supervision
- Supervision is an element of directing and involves guiding and overseeing subordinates’ work.
- It ensures optimum use of resources and achievement of work targets.
- Supervisor acts as a link between workers and management.
- He maintains discipline, unity, and harmony among workers.
- Supervisor motivates employees and ensures task completion.
- He provides on-the-job training and develops worker skills.
- Good supervisory leadership builds high morale and improves performance.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Elements of Direction> Motivation
- Motivation means encouraging employees to act in a desired manner to achieve organisational goals.
- Motive is an inner need or desire that drives a person to act.
- Motivation is the process of stimulating people to work willingly and effectively.
- Motivators are tools used by managers, such as pay, bonus, promotion, and recognition.
- Motivation helps employees perform better by satisfying their needs and encouraging voluntary effort.
CBSE: Class 12
Definition: Motivation
- Motivation means a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals. - William G. Scout
- Motivation refers to the way in which urges, drives, desires, aspirations, strivings or needs direct, control and explain the behaviour of human beings. - Mc Farland
- Motivation is a complex force starting with keeping a person at work in an organisation. - Dubin
- Motivation is something which moves the person to action and continues him in the course of action already initiated. - Dubin
- Motivation is a process which begins with a physiological or psychological need or deficiency which triggers behaviour or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive. - Fred Luthans
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Features of Motivation
- Motivation is an internal feeling that drives a person to act.
- It produces goal-directed behaviour towards achieving specific objectives.
- Motivation can be positive (rewards like pay, promotion, recognition).
- It can also be negative (punishment, threats, stopping increments).
- Motivation is a complex process because individuals have different needs and reactions.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Motivation Process
- Motivation process begins with an unsatisfied need, which creates tension in an individual.
- The tension generates a drive, which pushes the person to take action.
- The individual searches for ways to satisfy the need.
- When the need is satisfied, tension is reduced and the person feels relieved.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Importance of Motivation
- Motivation improves employee and organisational performance.
- It changes negative attitudes into positive attitudes towards work.
- Motivation reduces employee turnover and saves recruitment and training costs.
- It helps to reduce absenteeism by improving job satisfaction.
- Motivation facilitates the smooth introduction of changes with less resistance from employees.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory of Motivation
- Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory is based on human needs as the main source of motivation.
- There are five levels of needs: Physiological, Safety, Affiliation, Esteem, and Self-actualisation.
- Lower-level needs must be satisfied first before higher-level needs motivate a person.
- A satisfied need no longer motivates; only the next higher need motivates behaviour.
- The theory helps managers understand employee needs and provide suitable motivation accordingly.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Financial Incentives
- Financial Incentives – Monetary rewards given to motivate employees for better performance.
- Pay and Allowances – Basic salary with allowances and regular increments.
- Productivity-Linked Wages – Wages increase with higher productivity.
- Bonus – Extra payment given in addition to salary.
- Profit Sharing – Employees get a share in company profits.
- Stock Option/Co-partnership – Employees receive company shares at lower price, creating ownership feeling.
- Retirement Benefits & Perquisites – Benefits like pension, provident fund, housing, medical facilities, etc., that motivate employees.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Non-Financial Incentives
- Non-Financial Incentives – Motivate employees by satisfying psychological and social needs.
- Status – Higher position and recognition increase self-respect.
- Organisational Climate – A positive work environment improves performance.
- Career Growth – Promotion and skill development motivate employees.
- Job Enrichment – Interesting and challenging work increases satisfaction.
- Recognition – Praise, awards, and appreciation boost morale.
- Job Security & Empowerment – Stable job and decision-making power increase confidence and motivation.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Elements of Direction> Leadership
- Meaning – Leadership is the process of influencing people to work willingly towards achieving organisational goals.
- Role of Leaders – Leaders play an important role in the success and growth of an organisation.
- Influencing Ability – A leader motivates and guides employees to perform better.
- Interpersonal Relations – Good leaders maintain strong relationships with followers to achieve organisational objectives.
CBSE: Class 12
Definition: Leadership
- Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objectives. - George Terry
- Leadership is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically towards the achievement of group goals. - Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich
- Leadership is a set of interpersonal behaviours designed to influence employees to cooperate in the achievement of objectives. - Glueck
- Leadership is both a process and property. The process of leadership is the use of noncoercive influence to direct and coordinate the activities of the members of an organised group towards the accomplishment of group objectives. As a property, leadership is the set of qualities or characteristics attributed to those who are perceived to successfully employ such influence. - Gay and Strake
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Features of Leadership
- Ability to Influence – Leadership is the ability of a person to influence others.
- Brings Behavioural Change – It aims to change and guide the behaviour of followers.
- Interpersonal Relationship – Leadership involves a strong relationship between leader and followers.
- Achievement of Common Goals – Leadership is exercised to achieve organisational goals.
- Continuous Process & Role of Followers – Leadership is ongoing, and both leaders and followers play an important role in its success.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Importance of Leadership
- Ensures Organisational Success – Leadership is a key factor that determines the success or failure of an organisation.
- Motivates and Guides Employees – A leader influences, guides, and motivates employees to achieve organisational goals.
- Creates Positive Work Environment – A good leader provides support, confidence, and encouragement to employees.
- Manages Change and Conflicts – A leader introduces changes smoothly and handles conflicts effectively.
- Develops Future Leaders – A good leader provides training and prepares subordinates for future leadership roles.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Leadership Style
- Meaning – Leadership style refers to the way a leader uses authority to guide and influence subordinates.
- Autocratic Style – The leader gives orders and expects obedience. Communication is one-way, and decisions are taken by the leader alone.
- Democratic Style – The leader consults subordinates and encourages participation in decision-making.
- Laissez-faire Style – The leader gives freedom to subordinates to take decisions and complete tasks independently.
- Situational Use – A leader may use a combination of styles depending on the situation and needs of the organisation.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Communication
- Meaning – Communication is the process of exchanging ideas, facts, and feelings to create common understanding.
- Origin of the Word – The word communication comes from the Latin word ‘communis’, which means common.
- Role in Management – Effective communication is essential for a manager’s success and directing ability.
- Importance in Organisation – Organisations focus on improving communication skills of managers and employees.
- Purpose – The main aim of communication is to develop mutual understanding between two or more persons.
CBSE: Class 12
Definition: Communication
- Communication is the sum of all things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding. - Louis Allen
- Communication is transfer of information from the sender to the receiver with the information being understood by the receiver. - Harold Koontz and Heniz Weihrich
- Communication is a process by which people create and share information with one another in order to reach common understanding. - Rogers
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Elements of Communication Process
- Sender – Person who sends the message.
- Message & Encoding – Ideas are converted into words or symbols.
- Media & Receiver – Message is sent through a channel to the receiver.
- Decoding & Feedback – Receiver understands the message and responds.
- Noise – Any disturbance that affects communication.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Importance of Communication
- Basis of Coordination – Communication helps in coordinating activities, departments, and individuals in the organisation.
- Smooth Working of Enterprise – It ensures smooth and continuous functioning of the organisation.
- Basis of Decision Making – Communication provides necessary information for taking correct decisions.
- Increases Managerial Efficiency – It helps managers in planning, directing, controlling, and supervising effectively.
- Promotes Cooperation and Peace – Two-way communication builds mutual understanding and industrial peace.
- Establishes Effective Leadership – Good communication skills help leaders influence and guide subordinates.
- Boosts Morale and Motivation – Proper communication improves employee morale, motivation, and human relations.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Formal Communication
- Meaning – Communication that flows through official channels shown in the organisation chart.
- Vertical Communication – Communication between superior and subordinate (upward and downward).
- Upward Communication – Flow of information from subordinate to superior (e.g., reports, leave applications).
- Downward Communication – Flow of information from superior to subordinate (e.g., orders, instructions, notices).
- Horizontal Communication – Communication between employees or managers of the same level or different departments.
- Communication Networks – The pattern through which communication flows in an organisation.
- Types of Networks – Single chain, Wheel, Circular, Free flow, and Inverted V networks.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Informal Communication
- Meaning – Communication that does not follow official channels and is known as the grapevine.
- Nature of Grapevine – It spreads quickly in all directions without following levels of authority.
- Purpose – It arises from employees’ need to share views, feelings, and information informally.
- Advantages and Disadvantages – It spreads information rapidly but may create rumours and distortion.
- Types of Grapevine Networks – Single strand, Gossip, Probability, and Cluster (most common).
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Barriers to Communication> Semantic Barriers
- Meaning of Semantic Barriers – Problems in communication caused by the misunderstanding of words, meanings, or language.
- Badly Expressed Message – Use of wrong words, poor vocabulary, or incomplete sentences may create confusion.
- Words with Different Meanings – A single word can have different meanings in different situations, leading to misunderstanding.
- Faulty Translation – Incorrect translation from one language to another may change the meaning of the message.
- Unclarified Assumptions – Messages based on unclear assumptions may be interpreted differently by the receiver.
- Technical Jargon – Use of technical or difficult words may not be understood by everyone.
- Body Language Issues – Mismatch between spoken words and gestures can create wrong interpretation.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Barriers to Communication> Psychological Barriers
- Meaning – Emotional and mental conditions of sender or receiver that affect communication.
- Premature Evaluation – Judging the message before it is fully communicated due to prejudice or pre-conceived notions.
- Lack of Attention – When the receiver is distracted or not attentive, the message is not properly understood.
- Loss by Transmission & Poor Retention – Information may be distorted or forgotten, especially in oral communication.
- Distrust – Lack of trust between sender and receiver leads to a misunderstanding of the message.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Barriers to Communication> Organisational Barriers
- Organisational Policy – Non-supportive or highly centralised policies may restrict free flow of communication.
- Rules and Regulations – Strict rules and lengthy procedures can delay communication.
- Status Difference – Status gap between superior and subordinates may create hesitation and communication barriers.
- Complex Organisation Structure – Too many managerial levels may cause delay and distortion of messages.
- Lack of Communication Facilities – Absence of proper facilities like meetings, suggestion boxes, etc., hampers effective communication.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Barriers to Communication> Personal Barriers
- Meaning – Personal factors of sender and receiver that affect effective communication.
- Fear of Challenge to Authority – Superiors may suppress information if they feel their authority is threatened.
- Lack of Confidence in Subordinates – Superiors may avoid seeking advice if they do not trust their subordinates’ ability.
- Unwillingness to Communicate – Subordinates may hesitate to share information if they fear negative consequences.
- Lack of Incentives – Absence of rewards or appreciation reduces motivation to communicate.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Improving Communication Effectiveness
- Clarify Ideas Before Communicating – The message should be clear and well-understood by the sender before communicating.
- Communicate as per Receiver’s Needs – Adjust language and content according to the understanding level of the receiver.
- Consult Before Communicating – Involve others in planning communication to gain cooperation and acceptance.
- Use Proper Language and Tone – Message should be polite, clear, and suitable to avoid misunderstanding.
- Convey Useful and Relevant Information – Communication should relate to the needs and interests of the receiver.
- Ensure Feedback and Follow-up – Take feedback and regularly review instructions to improve effectiveness.
- Be a Good Listener – Managers should listen patiently and attentively to solve problems effectively.
