Definitions [1]
Define Broad-spectrum antibiotics with a suitable example?
The antibiotics which are effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are known as broad spectrum antibiotics.
Examples: Chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin
Limited spectrum antibiotics: Antibiotics which are effective against a single organism or disease are called limited-spectrum antibiotics
Key Points
Key Points: Antimicrobials
Antimicrobials are drugs that kill or inhibit microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
Types of Antimicrobials:
| Type | Where Used | Action | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics | Internal use | Selective toxicity (kills microbes, not host); produced by microorganisms | Penicillin, chloramphenicol |
| Antiseptics | Applied to living tissues | Prevent infection (safe for skin) | Dettol, iodine |
| Disinfectants | Applied to non-living surfaces | Kill wide range of microbes | Phenol |
Spectrum of Antibiotics:
| Type | Effective Against |
|---|---|
| Broad spectrum | Many bacteria |
| Narrow spectrum | Specific group |
| Limited spectrum | Single organism |
Key Points: Cleansing Agents
Cleansing agents are substances used to remove stain, dirt, or clutter from a surface.
Soaps:
- Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids
- Obtained by alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) of natural oils and fats with NaOH or KOH
- Reaction: Natural oil/fat + NaOH/KOH → Soap + Glycerol
- Example: Sodium stearate (C₁₇H₃₅COONa)
- Chemically, soaps are triesters of long chain fatty acids and propan-1,2,3-triol (commonly called glycerol or glycerin)
Synthetic Detergents:
Synthetic detergents work in hard water (unlike soaps). Three types:
| Type | Example | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Anionic detergents | (Sodium lauryl sulphate) \[CH_3(CH_2)_{10}CH_2OSO_3^{\oplus}Na^{\oplus}\] | Household detergent, additive in toothpaste |
| Cationic detergents | \[\mathrm{CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{15}-N^{\oplus}(CH_{3})_{3}Br^{\oplus}}\] (Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) | Hair conditioner, germicide |
| Non-ionic detergents |
\[CH_{3}\left(CH_{2}\right)_{16}-COO\left(CH_{2}CH_{2}O\right)_{n}CH_{2}CH_{2}OH\] (an ester) | Liquid dishwash |
 |
liquid detergent |
Important Questions [28]
- What Are Antiseptics? Give Any ‘Two’ Examples
- Define the Following : Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics
- Define Broad-spectrum Antibiotics with a Suitable Example?
- Which Class of Drugs is Used in Sleeping Pills?
- Mr Angad made his life full of tensions and anxiety. He started taking sleeping pills to overcome the depression without consulting the doctor
- Explain Tranquilizers
- Give Two Examples of Macromolecules that Are Chosen as Drug Targets
- What is the Difference Between Agonists and Antagonists?
- Define the Following Terms with a Suitable Example of Each: Antiseptics
- Which One of the Following is a Disinfectant? 0.2% Solution of Phenol Or 1% Solution of Phenol
- Why Type of Drug is Used in Sleeping Pills?
- Define the Following Term with a Suitable Example in Each: Disinfectants
- What is Meant by the Term ‘Broad Spectrum Antibiotics’? Explain.
- What is Tincture of Iodine? What is Its Use?
- Define the Following Terms with a Suitable Example of Each: Bactericidal Antibiotics
- Define the Following Term with a Suitable Example in Each: Broad-spectrum Antibiotics
- Name A Sweetening Agent Used in the Preparation of Sweets for a Diabetic Patient.
- Why is Use of Aspartame Limited to Cold Foods and Drinks?
- On the occasion of World Health Day, Dr. Satpal organized a ‘health camp’ for the poor farmers living in a nearby village. After check-up, he was shocked to see that most of the farmers suffered from cancer due to regular exposure to pesticides and many were diabetic.
- Write One Example Each of Artificial Sweetener.
- Write One Example Each of Antacids.
- Mr. Roy, the principal of one reputed school organized a seminar in which he invited parents and principals to discuss the serious issue of diabetes and depression in students.
- Which One of the Following is a Food Preservative? Equanil, Morphine, Sodium Benzoate
- Why the Use of Alitame as an Artificial Sweetener is Not Recommended?
- Seeing the Growing Cases of Diabetes and Depression Among Young Children, Mr Lugani, the Principal of One Reputed School, Organised a Seminar in Which He Invites Parents and Principals.
- Why the Use of Alitame as Artificial Sweetener is Not Recommended?
- Among the Following, Which One Acts as a Food Preservative? Aspartame, Aspirin, Sodium Benzoate, Paracetamol
- Seeing the Growing Cases of Diabetes and Depression Among Children, Mr. Chopra, the Principal of One Reputed School Organized a Seminar in Which He Invited Parents and Principals.
Concepts [11]
- Classification of Drugs
- Drug-target Interaction - Enzymes as Drug Targets
- Drug-target Interaction - Receptors as Drug Targets
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antacids
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antihistamines
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Neurologically Active Drugs
- Antimicrobials
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antifertility Drugs
- Chemicals in Food - Artificial Sweetening Agents and Food Preservatives
- Cleansing Agents
- Chemistry in Everyday Life Numericals
