Definitions [1]
Definition: Esterification
Alcohols and phenols form esters by reaction with carboxylic acid, acid halides and acid anhydrides. This reaction is called esterification.
Key Points
Key Points: Chemical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
- Litmus Test — Aqueous alcohols are neutral to litmus, while aqueous phenols turn blue litmus red, confirming the acidic character of phenols.
- Reaction with Bases — Phenols react with NaOH to form water-soluble sodium phenoxide (regenerated on acidification with HCl) but do not react with NaHCO₃, since phenol is a weak acid.
- Esterification — Alcohols/phenols react with carboxylic acids (conc. H₂SO₄ catalyst), acid anhydrides (H⁺ catalyst), or acid chlorides (in pyridine) to form esters; Aspirin is the acetyl derivative of salicylic acid formed using acetic anhydride.
- Reactivity with Hydrogen Halides — Order of alcohol reactivity: 3° > 2° > 1°; order of HX reactivity: HI > HBr > HCl (HCl needs anhydrous ZnCl₂ catalyst).
- Oxidation of Alcohols — 1° alcohol → aldehyde (with PCC, best reagent) → further to carboxylic acid (with KMnO₄/K₂Cr₂O₇/HNO₃); 2° alcohol → ketone (with CrO₃); 3° alcohols resist oxidation and break C–C bonds only at high temperature.
Important Questions [36]
- Which of the Followings is a Trihydric Alcohol ?
- The Alcohol Used in Thermometers is
- Write Balanced Chemical Equations for the Following :
- Write a Chemical Equation for the Action of Neutral Ferric Chloride on Phenol.
- Why Ethanol Has Higher Boiling Point than Ethane ?
- What is Metamerism?
- Explain Metamerism with Suitable Examples of Ethers
- Ethylidene Dichloride When Boiled with Aqueous Solution of Naoh Yields
- Natalite is a Mixture of Diethyl Ether and Ethanol
- Which of the Following Compounds is Not Prepared by the Action of Alcoholic Ni3 on Alkyl Halide
- Write the Structure and Ivpac Name of 'Methyl-n-propyl Ether'.
- What is the Action of Hot Hi on It?
- 3-methylbutane-2-ol on Heating with Hi Gives
- How is phenol converted into the following? Benzene
- How is phenol converted into the following? benzoquinone
- How is Phenol Converted into the Following? Picric Acid
- Write structural formula for Methyl vinyl ether.
- Convert the following: Ethyl alcohol into ethyl acetate.
- Write a chemical reaction for the following conversion: Acetic acid into ethyl alcohol.
- Write chemical reactions to prepare ethanamine from: Acetonitrile
- Write chemical reactions to prepare ethanamine from: Nitroethane
- How is Ethanol Prepared from Methanal by Using Grignard Reagent?
- Identify the Compound 'B' in the Following Series of Reaction
- How are the following compounds prepared
- How Will You Prepare Ethanol, Propan-2-ol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol from Grignard’S Reagent?
- Which Among the Following Reducing Agents is Not Used to Reduce Acetaldehyde to Ethyl Alcohol?
- Identify a and B Respectively in the Following Reaction: Tert-butyl Alcohol ->20‰H2so4363k a + H2o ->Hbrh2o2 B
- How Are the Following Compounds Prepared? Propan-1-ol from Propanal
- Propene on Oxidation with Diborane in Presence of Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Gives
- Which of the Following Reagents is Best for the Following Conversion?
- Convert the following: acetaldehyde to isopropyl alcohol.
- The Compound D is
- Which of the Following is the First Oxidation Product of Secondary Alcohol?
- Write the reactions involved in dehydration of 1°, 2° and 3° alcohols.
- Write chemical reactions of following reagents on methoxyethane: dilute H2SO4
- Write Resonance Structures of Aniline. What is the Action of Benzene Diazonium Chloride on Ethanol?
