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Let N Be a Fixed Positive Integer. Define a Relation R on Z as Follows: (A, B) ∈ R ⇔ a − B is Divisible by N. Show that R is an Equivalence Relation on Z.

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Question

Let n be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R on Z as follows:
(a, b) ∈ R ⇔ a − b is divisible by n.
Show that R is an equivalence relation on Z.

Sum
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Solution

We observe the following properties of R. Then,
Reflexivity :

Let  a ∈ N

Here,

a − a = 0 = 0 × n

⇒ a−a is divisible by n

⇒ (a, a) ∈ R

⇒ (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ Z

So, R is reflexive on Z.

Symmetry :

Let (a, b) ∈ R

Here,

a−b is divisible by n

⇒ a−b = np for some p ∈ Z

⇒ b−a = n (−p)

⇒ b−a is divisible by n                     [ p ∈ Z⇒ − p ∈ Z]

⇒ (b, a) ∈ R 

So, R is symmetric on Z.

Transitivity :

Let (a, b) and (b, c) ∈ R

Here, a−b is divisible by n and b−c is divisible by n.

⇒ a−b= np for some p ∈ Z

and b−c = nq for some q ∈ Z

a−b+ b−c = np + nq

⇒ a−c = n (p+q)

⇒ (a, c)∈ R for all a, c ∈ Z

So, R is transitive on Z.

Hence, R is an equivalence relation on Z.

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Chapter 1: Relations - Exercise 1.2 [Page 26]

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R.D. Sharma Mathematics Volume 1 and 2 [English] Class 12
Chapter 1 Relations
Exercise 1.2 | Q 4 | Page 26

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