Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus - Free PDF Download
Maharashtra State Board Syllabus 2026-27 12th Standard Board Exam: The Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus for the examination year 2026-27 has been released by the MSBSHSE, Maharashtra State Board. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2026-27 Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new Maharashtra State Board syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus for 2026-27 is below.
Academic year:
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Revised Syllabus
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Course Structure 2026-27 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
1: Solid State [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Solid State
- Types of Solids
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Crystal Structure
- Cubic System
- Packing of Particles in Crystal Lattice
- Packing Efficiency
- Crystal Defects or Imperfections
- Properties of Solids: Electrical Properties
- Overview of Solid State
1: Solid State [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Introduction to Solid State
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
- Classification of solids
- Crystalline solids
- Amorphous solids
- The distinction between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
- Isomorphous solids and polymorphous solids
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
- Unit cell
- Crystal lattice or space lattice
- Two-dimensional lattice and unit cell
- Three-dimensional lattice and unit cell
- Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
- Calculation of density of unit cell
- Close Packed Structures of Solids
- Packing in solids
- Close Packing in One Dimension
1) Coordination number - Close Packing in Two Dimensions
1) Square close packing in two dimensions
2) Hexagonal close packing of spheres in two dimensions - Close Packing in Three Dimensions
- Three-dimensional close-packed structure
- Stage I - Linear packing in one dimension
- Stage II - Planar packing in two dimensions
1) AAAA type, square close-packed structure
2) ABAB type, hexagonal close-packed structure - Stage III - Close packing in three dimensions
1) AAAA type, simple cubic structure
2) ABAB type, hexagonal close-packed structure
3) ABCABC type, cubic close-packed structure
- Number of voids per atom in hcp and ccp structures
- Locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids: locating tetrahedral voids, Locating octahedral voids
- Packing Efficiency
- Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled
- Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
- Primitive Cubic Unit Cell
- Body-Centred Cubic Unit Cell
- Face-Centred Cubic Unit Cell
- Imperfections in Solids - Introduction
point defects and line defects
- Properties of Solids: Magnetic Properties
- Solid State
- Properties of Solids: Electrical Properties
2: Solutions [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Introduction to Solutions
- Types of Solutions
- Capacity of Solution to Dissolve Solute
- Solubility
- Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Liquids in Liquids
- Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
- Vapour Pressure Lowering
- Relative Molecular Mass
- Boiling Point Elevation
- Depression in Freezing Point
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
- Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
- Overview of Solutions
2: Solutions and Colligative Properties [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Types of Solutions
- Expressing Concentration of Solutions
- Solubility
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Introduction
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
- Abnormal Molar Masses
3: Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Concepts of System
Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Types of Systems
Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Surroundings
Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Work, Heat, Energy, Extensive and Intensive Properties
Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- State Functions
Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Internal Energy and Enthalpy
- Hess’ Law of Constant Heat Summation
- Hess's law
- Experimental verification of Hess's law
- Applications of Hess's law
- Born-Haber cycle and Hess's law
- Combustion, Formation, Atomization, Sublimation
Thermodynamics
- Phase Transition
Thermodynamics
- Ionization and Solution
Thermodynamics
- Dilution Introduction of Entropy as a State Function
- Free Energy Change for Spontaneous and Non Spontaneous Processes
Thermodynamics
- Equilibrium Constant
Thermodynamics
3: Ionic Equilibria [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Ionic Equilibria
- Types of Electrolyte
- Acids and Bases in Daily Life
- Ionization of Acids and Bases
- Autoionization of Water
- The pH Scale
- Hydrolysis of Salts
- Buffer Solutions
- Solubility Product
- Solubility product
- Common Ion Effect
- Overview of Ionic Equilibria
4: Chemical Thermodynamics [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Chemical Thermodynamics
- Terms Used in Thermodynamics
- Nature of Heat and Work
- Expression for Pressure-volume (PV) Work
- Concept of Maximum Work
- Internal Energy (U)
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Enthalpy (H)
- Enthalpies of Physical Transformations
- Thermochemistry
- Spontaneous (Irreversible) Process
- Overview of Chemical Thermodynamics
4: Electrochemistry [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Electrochemical Cells
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
- Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction
- Batteries
- fuel cell
structure, reactions and uses
- fuel cell
- Electrochemistry
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cells - Introduction
- Nernst Equation - Introduction
- Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell
- Gibbs energy change and e.m.f. of a cell
- Standard cell potential and equilibrium constant
- Corrosion of Metals
- Redox Reaction
- Redox reactions
- Half reactions
5: Electrochemistry [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Electrochemistry
- Electric Conduction
- Electrical Conductance of Solution
- Electrochemical Cells
- Electrolytic Cell
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cell
- Electrode Potential and Cell Potential
- Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells
- Reference Electrodes
- Galvanic Cells Useful in Day-to-day Life
- Fuel Cells
- Electrochemical Series (Electromotive Series)
- Definition: Electrochemical Series
- Overview of Electrochemistry
5: Chemical Kinetics [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Oxidation Reduction
- Refining of Crude Metals
- Principles and methods of extraction - Refining
- Distillation
- Liquation
- Electrolytic refining (electrolytic method)
- Zone refining
- Vapour phase refining
- Chromatographic methods
- Occurrence of Metals
- Definition: Minerals
- Definition: Ores
- Key Points: Occurrence of Metals
- Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
- Ellingham diagrams
- Significance of Ellingham diagram
- Limitations of Ellingham diagram
- Selection of reducing agent
- Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
- Aluminium - Hall-Heroult process
- Copper from Low Grade Ores and Scraps
6: Chemical Kinetics [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of Reactions
- Rate of Reaction and Reactant Concentration
- Molecularity of Elementary Reactions
- Integrated Rate Equations
- First Order Reactions
- Zero Order Reactions
- Half Life Period of a Reaction
- Pseudo First Order Reaction
- Integrated Rate Law for Gas Phase f Reactions
- Collision Theory of Bimolecular Reactions
- Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
- Effect of a Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction
- Overview of Chemical Kinetics
7: P-block Elements [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
7: Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18 [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Occurrence of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Electronic Configuration of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
- Atomic and Physical Properties of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
- P - Block Group 16 Elements
- Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen
- P - Block Group 17 Elements
- Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
- Chemical Properties of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Oxoacids
- Oxygen and Compounds of Oxygen
- P - Block Group 18 Elements
- Overview of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
7.01 Group 15 Elements [Revision]
- Concept of Group 15 Elements
- Occurrence
- Electronic Configuration
- Atomic and Ionic Radii
- Ionisation Enthalpy
- Electronegativity
- Physical Properties and Chemical Properties
- p-Block elements of Group 15 Elements
- Dinitrogen
- Preparation, Properties, Uses
- Ammonia
- Preparation, Properties, Uses
- Nitric Acid
- Preparation, Properties, Uses
- Oxides of Nitrogen
- Oxides of Nitrogen
- Oxoacids of nitrogen
- Structures of Oxides of Nitrogen
- Phosphorus - Allotropic Forms
- White phosphorus
- Red phosphorus
- Black phosphorus
- Phosphine
- Preparation, Properties, Uses
- Dinitrogen
7.02 Group 16 Elements [Revision]
- Concept of Group 16 Elements
Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Oxidation states and trends in chemical reactivity and Anomalous behaviour of oxygen)
- P - Block Group 16 Elements
- Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen
- Dioxygen
- Preparation, Properties, Uses
- Ozone
- Preparation, properties, structures, and uses
- Sulphur - Allotropic Forms
- Rhombic sulphur (α-sulphur)
- Monoclinic sulphur (β-sulphur)
- Sulphur Dioxide
- Preparation, Properties, Uses
- Sulphuric Acid
- Preparation, properties, structures, and uses
- Oxoacids of Sulphur
- Structures of oxoacids of sulphur
7.03 Group 17 Elements [Revision]
- Concept of Group 17 Elements
Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Oxidation states and trends in chemical reactivity and Anomalous behaviour of fluorine)
- P - Block Group 17 Elements
- Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
- Hydrogen Chloride
- Preparation, Properties, Uses
- Interhalogen Compounds
- Structures of Interhalogen compounds
- Oxoacids of Halogens
- Oxides and oxoacids of halogens
- Compounds of Halogens
7.04 Group 18 Elements [Revision]
- P - Block Group 18 Elements
8: Transition and Inner Transition Elements [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Position in the Periodic Table of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Electronic Configuration of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Oxidation States of First Transition Series
- Physical Properties of First Transition Series
- Trends in Atomic Properties of the First Transition Series
- Preparation of Potassium Permanganate
- Chemical Properties of KMnO4
- Uses of KMnO4
- K2Cr2O7: Preparation of Potassium Dichromate
- Chemical Properties of K2Cr2O7
- Common Properties of d Block Elements
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Extraction of Metals
- Key Points: Extraction of Metals
- Inner Transition (f-block) Elements: Lanthanoids and Actinoids
- Properties of f-block Elements
- Properties of Lanthanoids
- Applications of Lanthanoids
- F-block Elements
- Properties of Actinoids
- Applications of Actinoids
- Postactinoid Elements
- Overview of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
8: D and F Block Elements [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
8.01 D-block Elements [Revision]
- D-block Elements
- Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals
- Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7
- Chemical properties
- Potassium permanganate - KMnO4
- Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
- Position in the Periodic Table - d-block Elements
- Electronic Configurations of the D-block Elements
- General Properties of the Transition Elements (D-block)
8.02 F-block Elements [Revision]
- F-block Elements
9: Coordination Compounds [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Coordination Compounds
- Importance of Coordination Compounds
in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems
- Importance of Coordination Compounds
in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems
- Importance of Coordination Compounds
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
- Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds - Introduction
- Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Stereoisomerism
9: Coordination Compounds [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Coordination Compounds
- Types of Ligands
- Terms Used in Coordination Chemistry
- Classification of Complexes
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Effective Atomic Number (EAN) Rule
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Stability of the Coordination Compounds
- Theories of Bonding in Complexes
- Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Overview of Coordination Compounds
10: Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes (And Arenes) [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
10: Halogen Derivatives [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Classification of Halogen Derivatives
- Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives
- Methods of Preparation of Alkyl Halides
- Physical Properties
- Optical Isomerism in Halogen Derivatives
- Chemical Properties
- Reaction with Active Metals
- Uses and Environmental Effects of Some Polyhalogen Compounds
- Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
- Overview of Halogen Derivatives
10.01 Haloalkanes [Revision]
- Introduction of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Physical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes:
- From Alcohols
- From hydrocarbons
- From alkanes by free radical halogenation
- From Alkenes - Addition of hydrogen haldies, Addition halogens) - Halogen exchange (Finkelstein reaction, Swarts reaction)
- Methods of Preparation of Haloarenes:
- From hydrocarbons by electrophilic substitution
- From amines by Sandmeyer’s reaction
- Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
- Haloalkanes
- R-s and D-l Configuration
Haloalkanes
- R-s and D-l Configuration
10.02 Haloarenes [Revision]
- Introduction of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
- Haloarenes
- Nucleophilic Substitution
- Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
Friedel-Crafts reaction
- Reaction with Metals
Wurtz-Fittig reaction, Fittig reaction
- R-S and D-l Configurations
Haloarenes
- Polyhalogen Compounds
11: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Alcohols [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
11: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Classification of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Alcohols and Phenols
- Ethers
- Uses of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Overview of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Overview: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
11.01 Alcohols [Revision]
- Classification of Alcohols and Phenols
- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Addiction > Alcohol
- Methods of Preparation
Alcohols
- Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols
- Methods of Preparation
- Physical and Chemical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
- Preparation of Commercially Important Alcohols
11.02 Phenols [Revision]
- Phenols
- Phenols
- Methods of Preparation
Phenols
- Physical and Chemical Properties
Phenols
- Acidic Nature of Phenol
- Acidic nature of phenols
- pKa values of alcohols and phenols
- Uses of Phenols
- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
11.03 Ethers [Revision]
- Ethers
- Ethers
methods of preparation
- Uses of Ethers
- Ethers
- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
12: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
12: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Classification of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties
- Polarity of Carbonyl Group
- Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Aldehydes and Ketones
- Overview: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Overview of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
12.01 Aldehydes and Ketones [Revision]
12.02 Carboxylic Acids [Revision]
- Carboxylic Acids
- Definition: Carboxylic Acid
- Formula: Carboxylic Acid
- Key Points: Carboxylic Acid
- Acids
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Properties and Reactions of Carboxylic Acid
- Uses of Carboxylic Acids
13: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
13: Amines [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Classification of Amines
- Nomenclature of Amines
- Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Basicity of Amines
- Chemical Properties of Amines
- Reactions of Arene Diazonium Salts
- Reaction with Arenesulfonyl Chloride
- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution in Aromatic Amines
- Overview of Amines
13.01 Amines [Revision]
- Introduction of Amines
- Amines
- Secondary and Tertiary Amines
- Classification of Amines
- Structure of Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
13.02 Cyanides and Isocyanides [Revision]
13.03 Diazonium Salts [Revision]
14: Biomolecules [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
14: Biomolecules [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Principal Molecules of the Living World
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Carbohydrates
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Proteins
- Overview of Biomolecules
- Overview: Biomolecules
14.01 Carbohydrates [Revision]
- Introduction of Carbohydrates
- Classification of Carbohydrates
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Carbohydrates
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Importance of Carbohydrates
14.02 Proteins [Revision]
- Introduction of Proteins
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Proteins
- Linkage
- Coupling and Repulsion theory
- Kinds of Linkage
- Linkage Groups
- Polypeptides
- Lipids and Hormones
- Elementary idea
- Structure, Classification and Functions
Lipids and Hormones
- Linkage
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Enzymes
- Enzymes
- Properties of Enzymes
14.03 Vitamins [Revision]
- Introduction of Vitamins
- Vitamins
- Important Vitamins, Their Sources and Their Deficiency Diseases
A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, K
- Important Vitamins, Their Sources and Their Deficiency Diseases
14.04 Nucleic Acids [Revision]
15: Polymers [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Introduction to Polymers
- Classification of Polymers Based on Source
Natural polymers, Semi-synthetic polymers, Synthetic polymers
- Nylon 6
- Nylon 66
- Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
- Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile
- Classification of Polymers Based on Source
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation
- Mechanism of Addition Polymerisation
1) Free radical mechanism - Some Important Addition Polymers
(a) Polythene
(i) Low density polythene
(ii) High density polythene
(b) Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
(c) Polyacrylonitrile
- Mechanism of Addition Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation
- Condensation Polymerisation or Step Growth Polymerisation
- Some Important Condensation Polymers
(a) Polyamides: Nylons
(i) Nylon 6, 6
(ii) Nylon 6
(b) Polyesters
(c) Phenol - formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers)
(d) Melamine - formaldehyde polymer
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber
- Natural rubber (Vulcanisation of rubber),
- Synthetic rubbers
- Buna-S rubber
- Buna-N rubber or nitrile rubber
- Neoprene rubber
- Biodegradable Polymers
15: Introduction to Polymer Chemistry [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
- Classification of Polymers
- Introduction to Polymers
- Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
- Molecular Mass and Degree of Polymerization of Polymers
- Biodegradable Polymers
- Commercially Important Polymers
- Overview of Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
16: Chemistry in Everyday Life [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
16: Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Chemistry Syllabus
- Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
- Principles of Green Chemistry
- The Role of Green Chemistry
- Introduction to Nanochemistry
- Characteristic Features of Nanoparticles
- Synthesis of Nanomaterials
- History of Nanotechnology
- Applications of Nanomaterials
- Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology
- Overview of Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
16.01 Chemicals in Medicines [Revision]
- Classification of Drugs
- Classification of Drugs
(a) On the basis of pharmacological effect
(b) On the basis of drug action
(c) On the basis of chemical structure
(d) On the basis of molecular targets
- Classification of Drugs
- Chemicals in Medicines
16.02 Chemicals in Food [Revision]
- Chemicals in Food - Artificial Sweetening Agents and Food Preservatives
- Artificial Sweetening Agents
- Food Preservatives
- Antioxidants in Food
16.03 Cleansing Agents [Revision]
- Cleansing Agents - Soaps
- Types of soaps
- Why do soaps not work in hard water?
