Topics
Solid State
- Introduction to Solid State
- Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
- Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
- Close Packed Structures of Solids
- Efficiency of Packing in Body-centred Cubic Structures
- Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled
- Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
- Imperfections in Solids - Introduction
- Properties of Solids: Magnetic Properties
- Band Theory of Metals
- Properties of Solids: Electrical Properties
- Applications of n-type and p-type Semiconductors
Solid State
Solutions and Colligative Properties
- Types of Solutions
- Expressing Concentration of Solutions
- Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
- Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
- Depression of Freezing Point
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Abnormal Molar Masses
- Elevation of Boiling Point
Solutions
- Introduction to Solutions
- Types of Solutions
- Capacity of Solution to Dissolve Solute
- Solubility
- Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Liquids in Liquids
- Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
- Vapour Pressure Lowering
- Boiling Point Elevation
- Depression in Freezing Point
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
- Overview of Solutions
Ionic Equilibria
Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Concepts of System
- Types of Systems
- Surroundings
- Work, Heat, Energy, Extensive and Intensive Properties
- State Functions
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Internal Energy and Enthalpy
- Hess’ Law of Constant Heat Summation
- Enthalpy of Bond Dissociation
- Combustion, Formation, Atomization, Sublimation
- Phase Transition
- Ionization and Solution
- Dilution Introduction of Entropy as a State Function
- Free Energy Change for Spontaneous and Non Spontaneous Processes
- Equilibrium Constant
- Second and Third Law of Thermodynamics
Electrochemistry
- Electrochemical Cells
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction
- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
- Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction
- Primary Batteries
- Lead Accumulator
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cell
- Nernst Equation
- Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell
- fuel cell
- Factors Affecting Corrosion
- Concept of Redox Reactions
Chemical Thermodynamics
- Chemical Thermodynamics
- Terms Used in Thermodynamics
- Nature of Heat and Work
- Expression for Pressure-volume (PV) Work
- Concept of Maximum Work
- Internal Energy (U)
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Enthalpy (H)
- Enthalpies of Physical Transformations
- Thermochemistry
- Spontaneous (Irreversible) Process
- Overview of Chemical Thermodynamics
Electrochemistry
- Introduction to Electrochemistry
- Electric Conduction
- Electrical Conductance of Solution
- Electrochemical Cells
- Electrolytic Cells
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cell
- Electrode Potential and Cell Potential
- Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells
- Reference Electrodes
- Galvanic Cells Useful in Day-to-day Life
- Fuel Cells
- Electrochemical Series (Electromotive Series)
- Overview of Electrochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Chemical Kinetics
- Concept of Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of Reactions
- Rate of Reaction and Reactant Concentration
- Molecularity of Reaction
- Integrated Rate Equations
- First Order Reactions
- Zero Order Reactions
- Half Life Period of a Reaction
- Pseudo First Order Reaction
- Integrated Rate Law for Gas Phase f Reactions
- Collision Theory of Bimolecular Reactions
- Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
- Effect of a Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction
- Overview of Chemical Kinetics
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
P-block Elements
Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Occurrence of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Electronic Configuration of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
- Atomic and Physical Properties of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
- Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen
- Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
- Chemical Properties of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Oxoacids
- Oxygen and Compounds of Oxygen
- Chlorine
- Group 18 Elements - The Noble gas Family
- Overview of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
Group 15 Elements
Group 16 Elements
Group 17 Elements
Group 18 Elements
Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Position in the Periodic Table of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Electronic Configuration of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Oxidation States of First Transition Series
- Physical Properties of First Transition Series
- Trends in Atomic Properties of the First Transition Series
- Preparation of Potassium Permanganate
- Chemical Properties of KMnO4
- Uses of KMnO4
- K2Cr2O7: Preparation of Potassium Dichromate
- Chemical Properties of K2Cr2O7
- Common Properties of d Block Elements
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Extraction of Metals
- Inner Transition (f-block) Elements: Lanthanoids and Actinoids
- Properties of f-block Elements
- Properties of Lanthanoids
- Applications of Lanthanoids
- The Actinoids
- Properties of Actinoids
- Applications of Actinoids
- Postactinoid Elements
- Overview of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
D and F Block Elements
D-block Elements
- General Indroduction
- Position in the Periodic Table - d-block Elements
- Electronic Configurations of the d-block Elements
- General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block)
- Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
F-block Elements
Coordination Compounds
- Concept of Coordination Compounds
- Types of Ligands
- Terms Used in Coordination Chemistry
- Classification of Complexes
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Effective Atomic Number (EAN) Rule
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Stability of the Coordination Compounds
- Theories of Bonding in Complexes
- Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Overview of Coordination Compounds
Coordination Compounds
- Introduction
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Importance of Coordination Compounds
- Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
- Colour in Coordination Compounds
- Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds
- Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
- Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
- Stereoisomerism
- Structural Isomerism
- Importance of Coordination Compounds
Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes (And Arenes)
Halogen Derivatives
- Classification of Halogen Derivatives
- Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives
- Methods of Preparation of Alkyl Halides
- Physical Properties of Halogen Derivatives
- Optical Isomerism in Halogen Derivatives
- Chemical Properties of Halogen Derivatives
- Reaction with Active Metals
- Polyhalogen Compounds
- Nomenclature
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions
- Overview of Halogen Derivatives
Haloalkanes
- Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Nomenclature
- Nature of C-X Bond
- Physical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions
- R-s and D-l Configuration
Haloarenes
- Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Nature of C-X Bond
- Reactions of Haloarenes - Nucleophilic Substitution
- Nucleophilic Substitution
- Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- Reaction with Metals
- R-S and D-l Configurations
- Polyhalogen Compounds
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Alcohols
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols
Phenols
- Phenols
- Nomenclature
- Methods of Preparation
- Physical and Chemical Properties
- Acidic Nature of Phenol
- Electrophillic Substitution Reactions
- Uses of Phenols
Ethers
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Concepts of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
- Classification of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties
- Polarity of Carbonyl Group
- Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions Due to α-hydrogen
- Overview: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Overview of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes and Ketones
- Concepts of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Nature of Carbonyl Group
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- Reactivity of Alpha Hydrogen in Aldehydes
- Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Other Reactions
Carboxylic Acids
- Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- Structure of the Carboxyl group
- Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Properties and Reactions of Carboxylic Acid
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of O-H Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of C-OH Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving –COOH Group
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part
- Uses of Carboxylic Acids
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
Amines
Amines
- Concept of Amines
- Nomenclature of Animes
- Classification of Amines
- Structure of Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Uses of Amines
- Identification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines
- Secondary and Tertiary Amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Carbylamine Reaction
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Nitrous Acid
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Arylsulphonyl Chloride
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Electrophilic Substitution
- Preparation of Amines
Cyanides and Isocyanides
Diazonium Salts
Biomolecules
- Principal Molecules of the Living World
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Carbohydrates
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Proteins
- Overview of Biomolecules
- Overview: Biomolecules
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
- Introduction of Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Peptide
- Linkage
- Polypeptides
- Structure of Proteins
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Enzymes
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Hormones
- Structure, Classification and Functions
Vitamins
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Proteins
- Classification of Vitamins
- Important Vitamins, Their Sources and Their Deficiency Diseases
Nucleic Acids
Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
- Polymer Chemistry
- Classification of Polymers> Based On Type of Different Monomers
- Some Important Polymers
- Molecular Mass and Degree of Polymerization of Polymers
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Biodegradability
- Commercially Important Polymers
- Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
- Overview of Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
Polymers
- Introduction to Polymers
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Source or Origin
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation
- Some Important Polymers
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation
- Nylon 6
- Nylon 66
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Biodegradability
- Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
- Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile
Chemistry in Everyday Life
Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
- Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
- Principles of Green Chemistry
- The Role of Green Chemistry
- Introduction to Nanochemistry
- Characteristic Features of Nanoparticles
- Synthesis of Nanomaterials
- History of Nanotechnology
- Applications of Nanomaterials
- Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology
- Overview of Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
Chemicals in Medicines
Chemicals in Food
Cleansing Agents
Estimated time: 8 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
Rules for Writing Formulae:
- The cation is written first, then the anion.
- In the formula of the complex ion/entity, the central metal atom is written first, then the ligands in alphabetical order.
- The formula of the entire coordination entity is enclosed in square brackets.
Rules for Naming:
Rule 1: Names of neutral coordination complexes are given without spaces. Cation is named first, separated by a space from the anion.
Rule 2 (Naming ligands first):
- Ligands that act as anions end in –o: Cl⁻ = chlorido, Br⁻ = bromido, I⁻ = iodido
- Anions ending in –ite and –ate are replaced with –ito and –ato: SO₄²⁻ = sulphato, CO₃²⁻ = carbonato, NO₂⁻ = nitrito, CH₃COO⁻ = acetato
- Neutral ligands get the same name as the uncoordinated molecule (with spaces omitted): C₅H₅N = pyridine, (CH₃)₂SO = dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)
Exceptions — neutral ligands with special names:
| Molecule | Special Name |
|---|---|
| H₂O | aqua |
| NH₃ | ammine |
| CS | thiocarbonyl |
| CO | carbonyl |
| NO | nitrosyl |
Rule 3 (Prefixes): Greek prefixes (di, tri, tetra) are used for simple ligand names. For polydentate ligands (i.e., those with a binding site name containing di/tri already): bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, hexakis- are used instead. e.g., bis(ethane-1,2-diamine) not "diethylenediamine".
Rule 4: Oxidation state of the metal is indicated by a Roman numeral in parentheses after the metal name. NO = nitrosyl.
Rule 5 (Complex ion is a cation): Metal is named same as the element. e.g., Co in a cationic complex = cobalt. Name = Ligands + Metal name (with OS)
Rule 6 (Complex ion is an anion): Metal name ends in –ate + oxidation number.
Anionic Complex Metal Names:
| Metal | Name in Anionic Complex |
|---|---|
| Iron | Ferrate |
| Lead | Plumbate |
| Gold | Aurate |
| Chromium (Cr) | Chromate |
| Palladium (Pd) | Palladinate |
| Mercury (Hg) | Mercurate |
| Zinc (Zn) | Zincate |
| Nickel (Ni) | Nickelate |
| Copper | Cuprate |
| Silver | Argentate |
| Tin | Stannate |
| Cobalt (Co) | Cobaltate |
| Platinum (Pt) | Platinate |
| Cadmium (Cd) | Cadmate |
| Aluminium (Al) | Aluminate |
IUPAC Name Examples
- Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]: Sodium pentacyanonitrosatoferrate(II) (Note: pentacyanonitrosylferrate(II))
- [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻: hexacyanidoferrate(III) ion
- [Pt(NH₃)₂(Br)(NO₂)Cl]Cl: triamminebromochloronitroplatinum(IV) chloride
- K₃[Cr(C₂O₄)₃]: potassium trioxalatochromate(III)
Order of naming ions: Positive ion (cation) first, then negative ion (anion). In naming the complex ion, ligands first (alphabetically), then metal.
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