Topics
Solid State
- Solid State
- Types of Solids
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Crystal Structure
- Cubic System
- Packing of Particles in Crystal Lattice
- Packing Efficiency
- Crystal Defects or Imperfections
- Properties of Solids: Electrical Properties
- Overview of Solid State
Solid State
- Introduction to Solid State
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
- Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
- Close Packed Structures of Solids
- Efficiency of Packing in Body-centred Cubic Structures
- Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled
- Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
- Imperfections in Solids - Introduction
- Properties of Solids: Magnetic Properties
- Band Theory of Metals
- Properties of Solids: Electrical Properties
- Applications of n-type and p-type Semiconductors
Solutions
- Introduction to Solutions
- Types of Solutions
- Capacity of Solution to Dissolve Solute
- Solubility
- Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Liquids in Liquids
- Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
- Vapour Pressure Lowering
- Boiling Point Elevation
- Depression in Freezing Point
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
- Overview of Solutions
Solutions and Colligative Properties
- Types of Solutions
- Expressing Concentration of Solutions
- Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
- Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Introduction
- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
- Depression of Freezing Point
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Abnormal Molar Masses
- Elevation of Boiling Point
Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Concepts of System
- Types of Systems
- Surroundings
- Work, Heat, Energy, Extensive and Intensive Properties
- State Functions
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Internal Energy and Enthalpy
- Hess’ Law of Constant Heat Summation
- Enthalpy of Bond Dissociation
- Combustion, Formation, Atomization, Sublimation
- Phase Transition
- Ionization and Solution
- Dilution Introduction of Entropy as a State Function
- Free Energy Change for Spontaneous and Non Spontaneous Processes
- Equilibrium Constant
- Second and Third Law of Thermodynamics
Ionic Equilibria
- Ionic Equilibria
- Types of Electrolyte
- Acids and Bases in Daily Life
- Ionization of Acids and Bases
- Autoionization of Water
- The pH Scale
- Hydrolysis of Salts
- Buffer Solutions
- Solubility product
- Common Ion Effect
- Overview of Ionic Equilibria
Chemical Thermodynamics
- Chemical Thermodynamics
- Terms Used in Thermodynamics
- Nature of Heat and Work
- Expression for Pressure-volume (PV) Work
- Concept of Maximum Work
- Internal Energy (U)
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Enthalpy (H)
- Enthalpies of Physical Transformations
- Thermochemistry
- Spontaneous (Irreversible) Process
- Overview of Chemical Thermodynamics
Electrochemistry
- Electrochemical Cells
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction
- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
- Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction
- Primary Batteries
- Lead Accumulator
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cells - Introduction
- Nernst Equation - Introduction
- Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell
- fuel cell
- Factors Affecting Corrosion
- Redox Reaction
Electrochemistry
- Electrochemistry
- Electric Conduction
- Electrical Conductance of Solution
- Electrochemical Cells
- Electrolytic Cell
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cell
- Electrode Potential and Cell Potential
- Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells
- Reference Electrodes
- Galvanic Cells Useful in Day-to-day Life
- Fuel Cells
- Electrochemical Series (Electromotive Series)
- Overview of Electrochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Chemical Kinetics
- Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of Reactions
- Rate of Reaction and Reactant Concentration
- Molecularity of Elementary Reactions
- Integrated Rate Equations
- First Order Reactions
- Zero Order Reactions
- Half Life Period of a Reaction
- Pseudo First Order Reaction
- Integrated Rate Law for Gas Phase f Reactions
- Collision Theory of Bimolecular Reactions
- Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
- Effect of a Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction
- Overview of Chemical Kinetics
P-block Elements
Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Occurrence of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Electronic Configuration of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
- Atomic and Physical Properties of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
- Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen
- Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
- Chemical Properties of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Oxoacids
- Oxygen and Compounds of Oxygen
- Chlorine
- Concept of Group 18 Elements
- Overview of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
Group 15 Elements
Group 16 Elements
Group 17 Elements
- Concept of Group 17 Elements
- Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
- Compounds of Halogens
- Chlorine
- Hydrogen Chloride
- Interhalogen Compounds
- Oxoacids of Halogens
Group 18 Elements
Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Position in the Periodic Table of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Electronic Configuration of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Oxidation States of First Transition Series
- Physical Properties of First Transition Series
- Trends in Atomic Properties of the First Transition Series
- Preparation of Potassium Permanganate
- Chemical Properties of KMnO4
- Uses of KMnO4
- K2Cr2O7: Preparation of Potassium Dichromate
- Chemical Properties of K2Cr2O7
- Common Properties of d Block Elements
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Extraction of Metals
- Inner Transition (f-block) Elements: Lanthanoids and Actinoids
- Properties of f-block Elements
- Properties of Lanthanoids
- Applications of Lanthanoids
- The Actinoids
- Properties of Actinoids
- Applications of Actinoids
- Postactinoid Elements
- Overview of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
D and F Block Elements
D-block Elements
- General Indroduction
- Position in the Periodic Table - d-block Elements
- Electronic Configurations of the D-block Elements
- General Properties of the Transition Elements (D-block)
- Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
F-block Elements
Coordination Compounds
- Introduction
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
- Importance of Coordination Compounds
- Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
- Colour in Coordination Compounds
- Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds - Introduction
- Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
- Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
- Stereoisomerism
- Structural Isomerism
- Importance of Coordination Compounds
Coordination Compounds
- Coordination Compounds
- Types of Ligands
- Terms Used in Coordination Chemistry
- Classification of Complexes
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Effective Atomic Number (EAN) Rule
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Stability of the Coordination Compounds
- Theories of Bonding in Complexes
- Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Overview of Coordination Compounds
Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes (And Arenes)
Halogen Derivatives
- Classification of Halogen Derivatives
- Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives
- Methods of Preparation of Alkyl Halides
- Physical Properties
- Optical Isomerism in Halogen Derivatives
- Chemical Properties
- Reaction with Active Metals
- Uses and Environmental Effects of Some Polyhalogen Compounds
- Nomenclature
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions
- Overview of Halogen Derivatives
Haloalkanes
- Introduction of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Nomenclature
- Nature of C-X Bond
- Physical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions
- R-s and D-l Configuration
Haloarenes
- Introduction of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Nature of C-X Bond
- Reactions of Haloarenes - Nucleophilic Substitution
- Nucleophilic Substitution
- Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- Reaction with Metals
- R-S and D-l Configurations
- Polyhalogen Compounds
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Alcohols
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Classification of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Nomenclature
- Alcohols and Phenols
- Ethers
- Uses of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Overview of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Overview: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols
Phenols
- Phenols
- Nomenclature
- Methods of Preparation
- Physical and Chemical Properties
- Acidic Nature of Phenol
- Electrophillic Substitution Reactions
- Uses of Phenols
Ethers
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Classification of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties
- Polarity of Carbonyl Group
- Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions Due to α-hydrogen
- Overview: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Overview of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes and Ketones
- Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Nature of Carbonyl Group
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- Reactivity of Alpha Hydrogen in Aldehydes
- Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Other Reactions
Carboxylic Acids
- Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- Structure of the Carboxyl group
- Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Properties and Reactions of Carboxylic Acid
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of O-H Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of C-OH Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving –COOH Group
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part
- Uses of Carboxylic Acids
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
Amines
- Classification of Amines
- Nomenclature of Amines
- Preparation of Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Basicity of Amines
- Chemical Properties of Amines
- Reactions of Arene Diazonium Salts
- Reaction with Arenesulfonyl Chloride
- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution in Aromatic Amines
- Overview of Amines
Amines
- Introduction of Amines
- Nomenclature of Animes
- Classification of Amines
- Structure of Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Uses of Amines
- Identification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines
- Secondary and Tertiary Amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Carbylamine Reaction
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Nitrous Acid
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Arylsulphonyl Chloride
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Electrophilic Substitution
- Preparation of Amines
Cyanides and Isocyanides
Diazonium Salts
Biomolecules
Biomolecules
- Principal Molecules of the Living World
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Carbohydrates
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Proteins
- Overview of Biomolecules
- Overview: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
- Introduction of Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Peptide
- Linkage
- Polypeptides
- Structure of Proteins
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Enzymes
- Lipids and Hormones
- Structure, Classification and Functions
Vitamins
- Introduction of Vitamins
- Classification of Vitamins
- Important Vitamins, Their Sources and Their Deficiency Diseases
Nucleic Acids
Polymers
- Introduction to Polymers
- Classification of Polymers Based on Source
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation
- Some Important Polymers
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation
- Nylon 6
- Nylon 66
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber
- Biodegradable Polymers
- Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
- Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile
Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
- Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
- Classification of Polymers
- Some Important Polymers
- Molecular Mass and Degree of Polymerization of Polymers
- Biodegradable Polymers
- Commercially Important Polymers
- Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
- Overview of Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
Chemistry in Everyday Life
Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
- Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
- Principles of Green Chemistry
- The Role of Green Chemistry
- Introduction to Nanochemistry
- Characteristic Features of Nanoparticles
- Synthesis of Nanomaterials
- History of Nanotechnology
- Applications of Nanomaterials
- Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology
- Overview of Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
Chemicals in Medicines
Chemicals in Food
Cleansing Agents
Estimated time: 39 minutes
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Haloalkanes or alkyl halides
Halogen derivatives in which halogen is bonded to an sp³ hybridised carbon of an alkyl group are called haloalkanes or alkyl halides.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Haloarenes or aryl halides
Halogen derivatives in which halogen is directly attached to an aromatic ring are called haloarenes or aryl halides.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Allylic halides
Halides in which halogen is attached to an sp³ carbon adjacent to a double bond are called allylic halides.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Benzylic halides
Halides in which halogen is attached to an sp³ carbon next to an aromatic ring are called benzylic halides.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Vinylic halides
Halides in which halogen is attached to an sp² hybridised carbon of a double bond are called vinylic halides.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Van der Waals forces
The attractive forces between molecules due to temporary dipoles are called van der Waals forces.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Isomers
Compounds having the same molecular formula but different physical or chemical properties are called isomers.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Stereoisomers
Isomers having the same bond connectivity but different spatial arrangement are called stereoisomers.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Optical isomerism
Isomerism arising due to different spatial arrangement around a chiral carbon atom is called optical isomerism.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Enantiomers
Two non-superimposable mirror image structures are called enantiomers.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Dextrorotatory compound
A substance which rotates plane polarized light to the right (clockwise) is called dextrorotatory compound.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Levorotatory compound
A substance which rotates plane polarized light to the left (anticlockwise) is called levorotatory compound.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Plane polarized light
Light vibrating in only one plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation is called plane polarized light.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Substitution reaction
A reaction in which one atom or group is replaced by another atom or group is called a substitution reaction.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Nucleophilic substitution reaction
A substitution reaction in which a nucleophile replaces a leaving group is called a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
Definition: Bimolecular reaction
A reaction in which the rate depends on the concentration of two reacting species is called a bimolecular reaction.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Walden inversion
The inversion of configuration observed in SN₂ reaction due to backside attack is called Walden inversion.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Racemization
Formation of equal amounts of two enantiomers in an SN₁ reaction is called racemization.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Nucleophile
A chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a bond with carbon is called nucleophile.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Polar protic solvent
A solvent capable of hydrogen bonding and stabilizing ions is called polar protic solvent.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Polar aprotic solvent
A solvent that cannot donate hydrogen for hydrogen bonding and does not strongly solvate anions is called polar aprotic solvent.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Dehydrohalogenation reaction
Removal of hydrogen halide (HX) from an alkyl halide to form alkene is called dehydrohalogenation reaction.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Saytzeff (Zaitsev) rule
The rule stating that in elimination reaction the major product is the more substituted alkene is called Saytzeff (Zaitsev) rule.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Grignard reaction
The reaction of alkyl halide with magnesium in dry ether to form alkyl magnesium halide is called Grignard reaction.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Grignard reagent
The compound of the type R–Mg–X formed by reaction of alkyl halide with magnesium is called Grignard reagent.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Wurtz reaction
The reaction of alkyl halides with sodium metal in dry ether forming higher alkanes is called Wurtz reaction.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Optical Isomerism in Halogen Derivatives
- Optical isomerism arises due to different spatial arrangement of atoms around a chiral carbon atom, even though the molecular formula and bonding are the same.
- A carbon atom attached to four different atoms or groups makes the molecule chiral and capable of showing optical activity.
- Chiral molecules are not superimposable on their mirror images, just like left and right hands.
- The two mirror-image forms of a chiral compound are called enantiomers and they differ only in the direction in which they rotate plane polarized light.
- Optical activity is the property by which certain compounds rotate the plane of plane polarized light passing through them.
- If the plane of polarized light rotates to the right, the compound is dextrorotatory (+), and if it rotates to the left, it is levorotatory (−).
- Enantiomers have identical physical properties such as melting point and boiling point, but they differ in the direction of optical rotation and in their behavior towards other chiral substances.
- An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers does not rotate plane polarized light because the rotations cancel each other, and such a mixture is optically inactive.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Uses and Environmental Effects of Polyhalogen Compounds
- Dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) is a volatile solvent used in aerosols and industrial processes, but overexposure can cause dizziness, nausea, weakness and serious eye damage.
- Chloroform (CHCl₃) is used as a solvent and in the preparation of refrigerants, but prolonged exposure depresses the central nervous system and may damage the liver.
- Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is used as a solvent and cleaning agent, but it is highly toxic to the liver and can affect the central nervous system; it is also suspected to be carcinogenic.
- Iodoform (CHI₃) is a yellow crystalline compound formerly used as an antiseptic, but it can cause irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory system.
- Freons (chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs) are widely used as refrigerants and propellants, but they are responsible for depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere.
- Ultraviolet radiation breaks CFC molecules to release chlorine atoms, and a single chlorine atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules, leading to thinning of the ozone layer.
- DDT is an effective insecticide used to control malaria and typhus, but it is a persistent pollutant that accumulates in fatty tissues, harms wildlife and has serious long-term environmental and health effects.
