- d-block elements are lustrous, hard, and dense metals with high melting and boiling points and good conductivity.
- They form alloys and show paramagnetism, and most of them act as efficient catalysts.
- They are electropositive and exhibit variable oxidation states, forming coloured salts and complexes.
- They act as good reducing agents and generally form insoluble oxides and hydroxides.
- Some d-block elements are biologically important, such as Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, and Zn.
- Higher oxidation states are more stable in second and third transition series; the maximum oxidation state is +7 in the first row and +8 in the third row.
Topics
Solid State
- Solid State
- Types of Solids
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Crystal Structure
- Cubic System
- Packing of Particles in Crystal Lattice
- Packing Efficiency
- Crystal Defects or Imperfections
- Properties of Solids: Electrical Properties
- Overview of Solid State
Solid State
- Introduction to Solid State
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
- Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
- Close Packed Structures of Solids
- Efficiency of Packing in Body-centred Cubic Structures
- Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled
- Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
- Imperfections in Solids - Introduction
- Properties of Solids: Magnetic Properties
- Band Theory of Metals
- Properties of Solids: Electrical Properties
- Applications of n-type and p-type Semiconductors
Solutions
- Introduction to Solutions
- Types of Solutions
- Capacity of Solution to Dissolve Solute
- Solubility
- Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Liquids in Liquids
- Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
- Vapour Pressure Lowering
- Boiling Point Elevation
- Depression in Freezing Point
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
- Overview of Solutions
Solutions and Colligative Properties
- Types of Solutions
- Expressing Concentration of Solutions
- Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
- Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Introduction
- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
- Depression of Freezing Point
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Abnormal Molar Masses
- Elevation of Boiling Point
Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Concepts of System
- Types of Systems
- Surroundings
- Work, Heat, Energy, Extensive and Intensive Properties
- State Functions
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Internal Energy and Enthalpy
- Hess’ Law of Constant Heat Summation
- Enthalpy of Bond Dissociation
- Combustion, Formation, Atomization, Sublimation
- Phase Transition
- Ionization and Solution
- Dilution Introduction of Entropy as a State Function
- Free Energy Change for Spontaneous and Non Spontaneous Processes
- Equilibrium Constant
- Second and Third Law of Thermodynamics
Ionic Equilibria
- Ionic Equilibria
- Types of Electrolyte
- Acids and Bases in Daily Life
- Ionization of Acids and Bases
- Autoionization of Water
- The pH Scale
- Hydrolysis of Salts
- Buffer Solutions
- Solubility product
- Common Ion Effect
- Overview of Ionic Equilibria
Chemical Thermodynamics
- Chemical Thermodynamics
- Terms Used in Thermodynamics
- Nature of Heat and Work
- Expression for Pressure-volume (PV) Work
- Concept of Maximum Work
- Internal Energy (U)
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Enthalpy (H)
- Enthalpies of Physical Transformations
- Thermochemistry
- Spontaneous (Irreversible) Process
- Overview of Chemical Thermodynamics
Electrochemistry
- Electrochemical Cells
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction
- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
- Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction
- Primary Batteries
- Lead Accumulator
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cells - Introduction
- Nernst Equation - Introduction
- Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell
- fuel cell
- Factors Affecting Corrosion
- Redox Reaction
Electrochemistry
- Electrochemistry
- Electric Conduction
- Electrical Conductance of Solution
- Electrochemical Cells
- Electrolytic Cell
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cell
- Electrode Potential and Cell Potential
- Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells
- Reference Electrodes
- Galvanic Cells Useful in Day-to-day Life
- Fuel Cells
- Electrochemical Series (Electromotive Series)
- Overview of Electrochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Chemical Kinetics
- Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of Reactions
- Rate of Reaction and Reactant Concentration
- Molecularity of Elementary Reactions
- Integrated Rate Equations
- First Order Reactions
- Zero Order Reactions
- Half Life Period of a Reaction
- Pseudo First Order Reaction
- Integrated Rate Law for Gas Phase f Reactions
- Collision Theory of Bimolecular Reactions
- Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
- Effect of a Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction
- Overview of Chemical Kinetics
P-block Elements
Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Occurrence of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Electronic Configuration of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
- Atomic and Physical Properties of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
- Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen
- Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
- Chemical Properties of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
- Oxoacids
- Oxygen and Compounds of Oxygen
- Chlorine
- Concept of Group 18 Elements
- Overview of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
Group 15 Elements
Group 16 Elements
Group 17 Elements
- Concept of Group 17 Elements
- Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
- Compounds of Halogens
- Chlorine
- Hydrogen Chloride
- Interhalogen Compounds
- Oxoacids of Halogens
Group 18 Elements
Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Position in the Periodic Table of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Electronic Configuration of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Oxidation States of First Transition Series
- Physical Properties of First Transition Series
- Trends in Atomic Properties of the First Transition Series
- Preparation of Potassium Permanganate
- Chemical Properties of KMnO4
- Uses of KMnO4
- K2Cr2O7: Preparation of Potassium Dichromate
- Chemical Properties of K2Cr2O7
- Common Properties of d Block Elements
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Extraction of Metals
- Inner Transition (f-block) Elements: Lanthanoids and Actinoids
- Properties of f-block Elements
- Properties of Lanthanoids
- Applications of Lanthanoids
- The Actinoids
- Properties of Actinoids
- Applications of Actinoids
- Postactinoid Elements
- Overview of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
D and F Block Elements
D-block Elements
- General Indroduction
- Position in the Periodic Table - d-block Elements
- Electronic Configurations of the D-block Elements
- General Properties of the Transition Elements (D-block)
- Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
F-block Elements
Coordination Compounds
- Introduction
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
- Importance of Coordination Compounds
- Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
- Colour in Coordination Compounds
- Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds - Introduction
- Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
- Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
- Stereoisomerism
- Structural Isomerism
- Importance of Coordination Compounds
Coordination Compounds
- Coordination Compounds
- Types of Ligands
- Terms Used in Coordination Chemistry
- Classification of Complexes
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Effective Atomic Number (EAN) Rule
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Stability of the Coordination Compounds
- Theories of Bonding in Complexes
- Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Overview of Coordination Compounds
Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes (And Arenes)
Halogen Derivatives
- Classification of Halogen Derivatives
- Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives
- Methods of Preparation of Alkyl Halides
- Physical Properties
- Optical Isomerism in Halogen Derivatives
- Chemical Properties
- Reaction with Active Metals
- Uses and Environmental Effects of Some Polyhalogen Compounds
- Nomenclature
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions
- Overview of Halogen Derivatives
Haloalkanes
- Introduction of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Nomenclature
- Nature of C-X Bond
- Physical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions
- R-s and D-l Configuration
Haloarenes
- Introduction of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Nature of C-X Bond
- Reactions of Haloarenes - Nucleophilic Substitution
- Nucleophilic Substitution
- Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- Reaction with Metals
- R-S and D-l Configurations
- Polyhalogen Compounds
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Alcohols
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Classification of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Nomenclature
- Alcohols and Phenols
- Ethers
- Uses of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Overview of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Overview: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols
Phenols
- Phenols
- Nomenclature
- Methods of Preparation
- Physical and Chemical Properties
- Acidic Nature of Phenol
- Electrophillic Substitution Reactions
- Uses of Phenols
Ethers
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Classification of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties
- Polarity of Carbonyl Group
- Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions Due to α-hydrogen
- Overview: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Overview of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes and Ketones
- Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Nature of Carbonyl Group
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- Reactivity of Alpha Hydrogen in Aldehydes
- Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Other Reactions
Carboxylic Acids
- Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- Structure of the Carboxyl group
- Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Properties and Reactions of Carboxylic Acid
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of O-H Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of C-OH Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving –COOH Group
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part
- Uses of Carboxylic Acids
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
Amines
- Classification of Amines
- Nomenclature of Amines
- Preparation of Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Basicity of Amines
- Chemical Properties of Amines
- Reactions of Arene Diazonium Salts
- Reaction with Arenesulfonyl Chloride
- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution in Aromatic Amines
- Overview of Amines
Amines
- Introduction of Amines
- Nomenclature of Animes
- Classification of Amines
- Structure of Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Uses of Amines
- Identification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines
- Secondary and Tertiary Amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Carbylamine Reaction
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Nitrous Acid
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Arylsulphonyl Chloride
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Electrophilic Substitution
- Preparation of Amines
Cyanides and Isocyanides
Diazonium Salts
Biomolecules
Biomolecules
- Principal Molecules of the Living World
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Carbohydrates
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Proteins
- Overview of Biomolecules
- Overview: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
- Introduction of Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Peptide
- Linkage
- Polypeptides
- Structure of Proteins
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Enzymes
- Lipids and Hormones
- Structure, Classification and Functions
Vitamins
- Introduction of Vitamins
- Classification of Vitamins
- Important Vitamins, Their Sources and Their Deficiency Diseases
Nucleic Acids
Polymers
- Introduction to Polymers
- Classification of Polymers Based on Source
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation
- Some Important Polymers
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation
- Nylon 6
- Nylon 66
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber
- Biodegradable Polymers
- Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
- Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile
Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
- Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
- Classification of Polymers
- Some Important Polymers
- Molecular Mass and Degree of Polymerization of Polymers
- Biodegradable Polymers
- Commercially Important Polymers
- Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
- Overview of Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
Chemistry in Everyday Life
Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
- Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
- Principles of Green Chemistry
- The Role of Green Chemistry
- Introduction to Nanochemistry
- Characteristic Features of Nanoparticles
- Synthesis of Nanomaterials
- History of Nanotechnology
- Applications of Nanomaterials
- Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology
- Overview of Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
Chemicals in Medicines
Chemicals in Food
Cleansing Agents
Estimated time: 46 minutes
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Transition elements
Elements of d-block having incompletely filled (n–1)d orbitals in their atom or in common oxidation states are called transition elements.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Oxidation state
The charge acquired by an atom when it loses or gains electrons in a compound is called oxidation state.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Ionisation enthalpy
The energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom is called ionisation enthalpy.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Paramagnetic substance
Substances that are attracted by an external magnetic field due to presence of unpaired electrons are called paramagnetic.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Diamagnetic substance
Substances that are repelled by a magnetic field and have all electrons paired are called diamagnetic.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Magnetic moment
The magnetic strength of a substance due to unpaired electrons is called magnetic moment.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Alloy
A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal with a non-metal is called an alloy.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Ferrous alloys
Alloys containing iron as the main metal are called ferrous alloys.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Non-ferrous alloys
Alloys that do not contain iron as the main metal are called non-ferrous alloys.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Interstitial compounds
Compounds formed when small atoms like H, C or N occupy interstitial spaces in the crystal lattice of metals are called interstitial compounds.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed is called a catalyst.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Metallurgy
The process of extraction of metals from their ores is called metallurgy.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Mineral
A naturally occurring substance in the earth’s crust containing metal or its compounds is called a mineral.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Ore
A mineral from which metal can be extracted economically is called an ore.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Pyrometallurgy
Extraction of metal from ore by heating at high temperature is called pyrometallurgy.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Hydrometallurgy
Extraction of metal from aqueous solution of its ore using suitable reducing agent is called hydrometallurgy.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Electrometallurgy
Extraction of metal by electrolysis of molten compound is called electrometallurgy.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Oxidising agent
A substance that gains electrons and causes oxidation of another substance is called an oxidising agent.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Gangue
The unwanted impurities like sand, clay, etc., present in an ore are called gangue.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Calcination
Heating of carbonate ore in limited or no air to remove volatile impurities is called calcination.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Inner transition elements
The f-block elements placed separately at the bottom of periodic table are called inner transition elements.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Lanthanoids
The series of 14 elements from atomic number 57 to 71 in which 4f orbitals are progressively filled are called lanthanoids.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Actinoids
The series of elements from atomic number 89 to 103 in which 5f orbitals are progressively filled are called actinoids.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Lanthanoid contraction
The gradual decrease in atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoids with increase in atomic number is called lanthanoid contraction.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Actinoid contraction
The gradual decrease in atomic and ionic radii across the actinoid series is called actinoid contraction.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Definition: Ionization enthalpy
The energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom is called ionization enthalpy.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Oxidation states and physical properties of first transition series elements
- Transition elements show variable oxidation states because they can lose different numbers of 3d and 4s electrons.
- The number of oxidation states increases with the increase in the number of unpaired electrons in the 3d orbitals.
- Manganese shows the maximum number of oxidation states in the first transition series, ranging from +2 to +7.
- All transition elements are metals and generally show typical metallic properties such as hardness, malleability, ductility, and good conductivity of heat and electricity.
- Transition metals have high melting and boiling points and form alloys with other metals; however, zinc, cadmium, and mercury are exceptions in some properties.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Properties and Trends of First Transition Series Elements
| Property | General Trend | Reason | Example | Important Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atomic Radii | Decrease gradually from Sc to Zn | Increase in effective nuclear charge; poor shielding by d-electrons | Sc (164 pm) > Fe (126 pm) | Minor irregular variations occur |
| Ionic Radii | Decrease with increase in oxidation state | Higher nuclear charge pulls electrons closer | Cr²⁺ (82 pm) > Cr³⁺ (62 pm) | M³⁺ ions smaller than M²⁺ |
| Ionisation Enthalpy | Slight overall increase across the series | Gradual increase in nuclear charge | Zn has highest IE₁ (906 kJ/mol) | IE₁ < IE₂ < IE₃ for each element |
| Metallic Character | Strong metallic properties | Low ionisation enthalpy and presence of d-electrons | Fe, Co, Ni | Hard, high melting and boiling points |
| Magnetic Properties | Depends on number of unpaired electrons | μ = √n(n+2) BM (spin-only formula) | Mn²⁺ (5.92 BM) | Zn²⁺ is diamagnetic |
| Colour of Ions | Most ions are coloured | Due to d–d electronic transitions | Cu²⁺ (Blue), Fe³⁺ (Yellow) | d⁰ and d¹⁰ ions are colourless |
| Catalytic & Alloy Formation | Show catalytic activity and form alloys | Variable oxidation states and similar atomic radii | Fe (Haber process), Stainless steel | Widely used in industry |
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Properties of d block elements
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Properties of f-block elements
- f-block elements are similar to d-block elements and involve filling of (n–2)f orbitals. They are placed between (n–1)d and ns block elements in the periodic table.
- Lanthanoids (atomic numbers 57–71) are called rare earth elements, though they are relatively abundant but difficult to separate due to similar chemical properties.
- They are soft, reactive metals with moderate density and high melting and boiling points, resembling alkali and alkaline earth metals in reactivity.
- The most common oxidation state is +3, while some elements also show +2 and +4 oxidation states (e.g., Eu²⁺, Yb²⁺, Ce⁴⁺).
- Lanthanoids show contraction in ionic radii (lanthanoid contraction) and form basic hydroxides; many of their ions are coloured due to electronic transitions.
