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CBSEEnglish Medium Class 10
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Syllabus

Overview of Lifelines of National Economy

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Topics

  • History (India and the Contemporary World-II)
  • India and the Contemporary World-I
  • Power Sharing
    • Concept for Power Shared in Democracies
    • Concept for Federal Division of Power in India Helped National Unity
    • Concept for Decentralisation - to What Extent Has Decentralisation Achieved this Objective
    • Democracy Accommodate Different Social Groups
  • Resources and Development
  • Development
    • Concept for Traditional Notion of Development
    • Concept for National Income and Percapita Income
    • Concept of Growth of National Income
    • Critical Appraisal of Existing Development Indicators (PCI, IMR, SR and Other Income and Health Indicators)
    • Need for Health and Educational Development
    • Human Development Indicators (Holistic Measure of Development)
  • Events and Processes
    • Growth of Nationalism in Europe After the 1830s.
    • Ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini
    • Characteristics of the Movements in Poland, Hungary,Italy, Germany and Greece
    • Factors Leading to Growth of Nationalism in Indo-china
    • French Colonialism in Indo-china
    • Phases of Struggle Against the French
    • The Ideas of Phan Chu Trinh
    • The Ideas Phan Boi Chau, Ho Chi Minh
    • Second World War and the Liberation Struggle.
    • America and the Vietnam War
    • Impact of First World War, Khilafat, Non- Cooperation
    • Differing Strands Within the Movement
    • The Limits of Civil Disobedience
    • The Sense of Collective Belonging
    • Salt Satyagraha
    • Movements of Peasants, Workers, Tribals.
  • Everyday Life, Culture and Politics
    • History of Print in Europe.
    • The Nineteenth Century
    • Relationship Between Print Culture, Public Debate and Politics
    • Emergence of the Novel as a Genre in the West
    • Relationship Between the Novel and Changes in Modern Society
    • Early Novels in Nineteenth Century India
    • Study of Two Or Three Major Writers
  • The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
    • Introduction to the Rise of Nationalism in Europe
    • The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
    • The Making of Nationalism in Europe
    • The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
    • Liberal Nationalism stood for
    • A New Conservatism After 1815
    • The Revolutionaries
    • The Age of Revolutions: 1830 - 1848
    • The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
    • Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
    • 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals
    • Liberty and Equality for Women
    • The Making of Germany and Italy
    • Italy Unified
    • The Strange Case of Britain
    • Visualising the Nation
    • Nationalism and Imperialism
    • Overview of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
  • The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
    • Concept of the Pre-modern World
    • Nineteenth Century Global Economy, Colonialism
    • The Inter-war Economy
    • A World Economy Takes Shape
    • Proto-industrialization and Pace of Industrial Change
    • Life of Workers
    • Industrialization in the Colonies
    • Early Entrepreneurs and Workers
    • The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
    • Market for Goods
    • Development of Modern Cities Due to Industrialization in London and Bombay
    • Housing and Land Reclamation
    • Social Changes in the Cities
    • Cities and the Challenge of the Environment
  • Nationalism in India
    • Introduction to Nationalism in India
    • The First World War, Khilafat and Non-cooperation
    • The Idea of Satyagraha
    • The Rowlatt Act
    • Need for Non-Cooperation
    • Differing Strands Within the Movement
    • The Movement in the Towns
    • Rebellion in the Countryside
    • Swaraj in the Plantations
    • Towards Civil Disobedience
    • The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
    • How Participants Saw the Civil Disobedience Movement
    • The Limits of Civil Disobedience
    • The Sense of Collective Belonging
    • Quit India Movement and Conclusion
    • Overview of Nationalism in India
  • The Making of a Global World
    • Concept of the Pre-modern World
    • Silk Routes Link the World
    • Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato
    • Conquest, Disease and Trade
    • The Nineteenth Century (1815 - 1914)
    • A World Economy Takes Shape
    • Role of Technology
    • Late Nineteenth-century Colonialism
    • Rinderpest, Or the Cattle Plague
    • Indentured Labour Migration from India
    • Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
    • Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System
    • The Inter-war Economy
    • Wartime Transformations
    • Post-war Recovery
    • Rise of Mass Production and Consumption
    • The Great Depression
    • India and the Great Depression
    • Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era
    • Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions
    • The Early Post-war Years
    • Decolonisation and Independence
    • End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of ‘Globalisation’
    • Overview of The Making of a Global World
  • The Age of Industrialisation
    • Introduction to the Age of Industrialisation
    • Before the Industrial Revolution
    • The Coming Up of the Factory
    • The Pace of Industrial Change
    • Hand Labour and Steam Power
    • Life of the Workers
    • Industrialisation in the Colonies
    • The Age of Indian Textiles
    • Condition of Weavers under British Rule
    • Manchester Comes to India
    • Factories Come up
    • The Early Entrepreneurs
    • Sources of Industrial Labour
    • The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
    • Small-scale Industries Predominate
    • Market for Goods
    • Overview of The Age of Industrialisation
  • Print Culture and the Modern World
    • Introduction to Print Culture and the Modern World
    • The First Printed Books
    • Print Comes to Europe
    • Gutenberg and the Printing Press
    • The Print Revolution and Its Impact
    • A New Reading Public
    • Religious Debates and the Fear of Print
    • Print and Dissent
    • The Reading Mania
    • The Nineteenth Century
    • India and the World of Print
    • Religious Reform and Public Debates
    • New Forms of Publication
    • Women and Print
    • Print and the Poor People
    • Print and Censorship
    • Overview of Print Culture and the Modern World
  • Federalism
  • Geography (Contemporary India-II)
  • Sectors of the Indian Economy
    • Sectors of Economic Activities
    • Historical Change in Economic Sectors
    • Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in India
    • Concept for Employment Generation
    • Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised
    • Protective Measures for Unorganised Sector Workers
  • Geography (Contemporary India-II)
  • Forest and Wildlife Resources
    • Concept of Forest and Wildlife Resources
    • Flora and Fauna in India
    • Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India
  • Resources and Development
    • Resources: Meaning and Classification
    • Development of Resources
    • Resource Planning
    • Land Resources
    • Land Utilisation
    • Land Use Pattern in India
    • Land Degradation and Conservation Measures
    • Soil as a Resource
    • Classification of Soils
    • Overview of Resources and Development
  • Forest and Wildlife Resources
  • Water Resources
  • Agriculture
  • Minerals and Energy Resources
    • Minerals
    • Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
    • Ferrous Minerals
    • Non-Ferrous Minerals
    • Non-Metallic Minerals
    • Conservation of Minerals
    • Energy Resources
    • Conventional Sources of Energy
    • Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
    • Conservation of Energy Resources
    • Overview of Minerals and Energy Resources
  • Manufacturing Industries
  • Lifelines of National Economy
  • Democracy and Diversity
    • Divisions Inherent to the Working of Democracy
    • Effect of Caste on Politics and of Politics on Caste
    • Gender Division Shaped Politics
    • Communal Divisions Affect Democracy
  • Political Science (Democratic Politics-II)
  • Democracy and Diversity
    • A Story from Mexico Olympics
    • Differences, Similarities, Divisions
    • Politics of Social Divisions
  • Money and Credit
    • Role of Money in an Economy
    • Formal and Informal Financial Institutions for Savings and Credit
    • Formal Institution - Nationalized Commercial Bank
    • Informal Institutions - Local Money Lenders, Landlords, Self Help Groups, Chit Funds and Private Finance Companies
  • Water Resources
  • Democratic Politics 2
  • Power-sharing
    • Belgium and Sri Lanka: A Comparative Study of Ethnic Diversity
    • Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
    • Accommodation in Belgium
    • Importance of Power Sharing
    • Forms of Power-sharing
    • Overview of Power-Sharing
  • Federalism
  • Gender, Religion and Caste
  • Political Parties
    • Role of Political Parties in a Democracy
    • Number of Political Parties
    • Popular Participation in Political Parties
    • National Parties
    • State Parties
    • Challenges to Political Parties
    • Reforms in Political Parties
    • Overview of Political Parties
  • Outcomes of Democracy
    • Assessment of Democracy’s Outcomes
    • Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate Government
    • Economic Growth and Development
    • Reduction of Inequality and Poverty
    • Accommodation of Social Diversity
    • Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens
    • Overview of Outcomes of Democracy
  • Understanding Economic Development
  • Globalisation and the Indian Economy
    • Production Across Countries
    • Foreign Trade and Integration of Markets
    • Impact and Fair Globalization
  • Agriculture
    • Types of Farming
    • Concept for Major Crops
    • Concept for Crop Pattern
    • Technological and Institutional Reforms for Agriculture
    • Contribution of Agriculture to National Economy-employment and Output
  • Economics (Understanding Economic Development)
  • Gender, Religion and Caste
  • Development
    • Concept of Development
    • What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals
    • Income and Other Goals
    • National Development
    • Comparison Between Different Countries Or States
    • Income and Other Criteria
    • Public Facilities
    • Sustainability of Development
    • Overview of Development
  • Sectors of the Indian Economy
    • Sectors of Economic Activities
    • Comparing the Three Sectors
    • Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in India
    • Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised
    • Sectors in Terms of Ownership: Public and Private Sectors
    • Overview of Sectors of the Indian Economy
  • Money and Credit
  • Globalisation and the Indian Economy
  • Consumer Rights
  • Popular Struggles and Movements
    • Concept of Popular Struggles and Movements
    • Mobilisation and Organisations
    • Pressure Groups and Movements
  • Consumer Rights
    • Consumer is Exploitation
    • Factors Causing Exploitation of Consumers
    • Rise of Consumer Awareness
    • How a Consumer Should Be in a Market
    • Role of Government in Consumer Protection
  • Minerals and Energy Resources
    • Classification of Minerals
    • Distribution of Minerals and Energy Resources
    • Use and Economic Importance of Minerals
    • Conservation of Minerals
    • Types of Power Resources - Conventional Sources
    • Types of Power Resources - Non-conventional Sources
    • Distribution and Utilization and Conservation of Power Resources
    • Conservation of Energy Resources
  • Data Filling
    • Data Filling
  • Popular Struggles and Movements
    • Popular Struggles in Nepal and Bolivia
    • Movement for Democracy in Nepal
    • Bolivia’s Water War
    • Democracy and Popular Struggles
    • Mobilisation and Organisations
    • Pressure Groups and Movements
  • Manufacturing Industries
    • Types of Manufacturing Industries
    • Concept of Spatial Distribution
    • Contribution of Industry to National Economy
    • Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
    • Measures to Control Degradation
  • Political Parties
    • Role Do Political Parties Play in Competition and Contestation
    • Major National and Regional Parties in India/ Types of Political Parties
  • Outcomes of Democracy
    • Democracy Be Judged and Outcomes
    • Concept for Outcomes Reasonably Expect of Democracies
    • Democracy in India and Expectations
    • Concep for Democracy Led to Development, Security and Dignity for the People
    • Sustains Democracy in India
  • Life Lines of National Economy
    • Importance of Means of Communication and Transportation
    • Concept for Trade and Tourism
  • Challenges to Democracy
    • Thinking About Challenges
    • Different Contexts, Different Challenges
    • Different Types of Challenges
    • Political Reforms
    • Redefining Democracy
  • Challenges to Democracy
    • Idea of Democracy Shrinking
    • Major Challenges to Democracy in India
    • Concept for Democracy Be Reformed and Deepened
    • Concept for Role Ordinary Citizen Play in Deepening Democracy
CBSE: Class 10

Transport, Communication and Trade

  • Goods and services must be transported from places of production to places of demand.
  • Transport is essential for development, as it helps the movement of goods, services, and people.
  • Transport is classified into land, water, and air transport.
  • Transport, communication, and trade are closely linked and support each other.
  • A dense and efficient transport and communication network is necessary for local, national, and global trade.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Types of Transport > Roadways

  • India has the second-largest road network in the world, about 62.16 lakh km (2020–21).
  • Roadways developed before railways in India and are easier to construct.
  • Roads are important for door-to-door transport and short-distance travel.
  • Roads are classified as metalled and unmetalled based on construction material.
  • Metalled roads are all-weather roads, while unmetalled roads become unusable during the rainy season.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Types of Transport > Railways

  • Railways are the main mode of transport for passengers and freight in India.
  • Indian Railways have been a major integrating force for over 150 years.
  • The first train ran in 1853 from Mumbai to Thane, covering 34 km.
  • Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking and is divided into 17 zones.
  • The railway network is most developed in the Northern Plains due to flat land and dense population.
  • Hilly, desert, swampy, and forested regions have fewer railway lines due to difficult terrain.
  • India has multiple gauges, with Broad Gauge covering the maximum route length (67,956 km total).
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Pipelines

  • Pipeline transport is used to carry crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas.
  • Pipelines allow refineries and fertilizer plants to be located far inland.
  • Though the initial cost is high, pipeline transport has low running costs and no delays.
  • Major pipeline routes include Assam to Kanpur and Salaya (Gujarat) to Jalandhar (Punjab).
  • The HVJ gas pipeline first ran 1,700 km, and India’s pipeline network has expanded to 18,500 km.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Types of Transport > Waterways

  • Waterways are the cheapest, fuel-efficient, and eco-friendly mode of transport, suitable for heavy and bulky goods.
  • India has about 14,500 km of inland waterways, and 111 waterways were declared National Waterways in 2016.
  • Important National Waterways include NW-1 (Ganga), NW-2 (Brahmaputra), NW-3 (Kerala canals), NW-4, and NW-5.
  • Other important inland waterways are in the Sundarbans, the Barak River, the Goa rivers, and the Kerala backwaters.
  • About 95% of India’s foreign trade (by volume) is carried through sea routes.
  • India has a long coastline of 7,516.6 km with 12 major ports and many minor ports.
  • Major ports include Deendayal (Kandla), Mumbai, JNPT, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Paradwip, Cochin, and Kolkata–Haldia.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Types of Transport > Airways

  • Air transport is the fastest and most comfortable mode of transport.
  • It helps in crossing difficult terrains like mountains, deserts, forests, and oceans.
  • Air transport is especially important for remote and border areas, such as the North-East and hilly regions.
  • Pawan Hans Helicopters provide services to ONGC and in inaccessible regions of India.
  • UDAN scheme aims to make air travel affordable and improve regional connectivity.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Communication

  • Communication helps people share information without physical movement and has developed rapidly in modern times.
  • India has the largest postal network in the world, handling first-class and second-class mail.
  • Digital India Programme aims to make India a knowledge-based and technology-driven country.
  • India has a large telecom network, with STD facilities in most villages and uniform call rates.
  • Mass communication through radio, television, newspapers, and films spreads awareness and entertainment nationwide.
CBSE: Class 10

Definition: Trade

The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade.

CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: International Trade

  • Trade is the exchange of goods between people, states, or countries, and trade between countries is called international trade.
  • International trade takes place through land, sea, and air routes and shows a country’s economic prosperity.
  • Exports and imports are the two components of trade, and their difference is called the balance of trade.
  • When exports exceed imports, it is a favourable balance of trade; the opposite is an unfavourable balance of trade.
  • India exports gems, jewellery, chemicals, agricultural products, and IT services, and imports petroleum, machinery, electronics, and metals.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Tourism as a Trade

  • Tourism in India has grown rapidly due to government support and better infrastructure.
  • Schemes such as Swadesh Darshan 2.0, PRASHAD, and the Vibrant Village Programme promote tourism.
  • Tourism helps in national integration and supports local culture and handicrafts.
  • Foreign tourists visit India for heritage, eco, adventure, medical, and business tourism.
  • India has great potential for tourism development across all regions.
 
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