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CBSEEnglish Medium Class 10
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Syllabus

Overview of Resources and Development

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Topics

  • History (India and the Contemporary World-II)
  • India and the Contemporary World-I
  • Power Sharing
    • Concept for Power Shared in Democracies
    • Concept for Federal Division of Power in India Helped National Unity
    • Concept for Decentralisation - to What Extent Has Decentralisation Achieved this Objective
    • Democracy Accommodate Different Social Groups
  • Resources and Development
  • Development
    • Concept for Traditional Notion of Development
    • Concept for National Income and Percapita Income
    • Concept of Growth of National Income
    • Critical Appraisal of Existing Development Indicators (PCI, IMR, SR and Other Income and Health Indicators)
    • Need for Health and Educational Development
    • Human Development Indicators (Holistic Measure of Development)
  • Events and Processes
    • Growth of Nationalism in Europe After the 1830s.
    • Ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini
    • Characteristics of the Movements in Poland, Hungary,Italy, Germany and Greece
    • Factors Leading to Growth of Nationalism in Indo-china
    • French Colonialism in Indo-china
    • Phases of Struggle Against the French
    • The Ideas of Phan Chu Trinh
    • The Ideas Phan Boi Chau, Ho Chi Minh
    • Second World War and the Liberation Struggle.
    • America and the Vietnam War
    • Impact of First World War, Khilafat, Non- Cooperation
    • Differing Strands Within the Movement
    • The Limits of Civil Disobedience
    • The Sense of Collective Belonging
    • Salt Satyagraha
    • Movements of Peasants, Workers, Tribals.
  • Everyday Life, Culture and Politics
    • History of Print in Europe.
    • The Nineteenth Century
    • Relationship Between Print Culture, Public Debate and Politics
    • Emergence of the Novel as a Genre in the West
    • Relationship Between the Novel and Changes in Modern Society
    • Early Novels in Nineteenth Century India
    • Study of Two Or Three Major Writers
  • The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
    • Introduction to the Rise of Nationalism in Europe
    • The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
    • The Making of Nationalism in Europe
    • The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
    • Liberal Nationalism stood for
    • A New Conservatism After 1815
    • The Revolutionaries
    • The Age of Revolutions: 1830 - 1848
    • The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
    • Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
    • 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals
    • Liberty and Equality for Women
    • The Making of Germany and Italy
    • Italy Unified
    • The Strange Case of Britain
    • Visualising the Nation
    • Nationalism and Imperialism
    • Overview of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
  • The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
    • Concept of the Pre-modern World
    • Nineteenth Century Global Economy, Colonialism
    • The Inter-war Economy
    • A World Economy Takes Shape
    • Proto-industrialization and Pace of Industrial Change
    • Life of Workers
    • Industrialization in the Colonies
    • Early Entrepreneurs and Workers
    • The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
    • Market for Goods
    • Development of Modern Cities Due to Industrialization in London and Bombay
    • Housing and Land Reclamation
    • Social Changes in the Cities
    • Cities and the Challenge of the Environment
  • Nationalism in India
    • Introduction to Nationalism in India
    • The First World War, Khilafat and Non-cooperation
    • The Idea of Satyagraha
    • The Rowlatt Act
    • Need for Non-Cooperation
    • Differing Strands Within the Movement
    • The Movement in the Towns
    • Rebellion in the Countryside
    • Swaraj in the Plantations
    • Towards Civil Disobedience
    • The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
    • How Participants Saw the Civil Disobedience Movement
    • The Limits of Civil Disobedience
    • The Sense of Collective Belonging
    • Quit India Movement and Conclusion
    • Overview of Nationalism in India
  • The Making of a Global World
    • Concept of the Pre-modern World
    • Silk Routes Link the World
    • Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato
    • Conquest, Disease and Trade
    • The Nineteenth Century (1815 - 1914)
    • A World Economy Takes Shape
    • Role of Technology
    • Late Nineteenth-century Colonialism
    • Rinderpest, Or the Cattle Plague
    • Indentured Labour Migration from India
    • Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
    • Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System
    • The Inter-war Economy
    • Wartime Transformations
    • Post-war Recovery
    • Rise of Mass Production and Consumption
    • The Great Depression
    • India and the Great Depression
    • Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era
    • Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions
    • The Early Post-war Years
    • Decolonisation and Independence
    • End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of ‘Globalisation’
    • Overview of The Making of a Global World
  • The Age of Industrialisation
    • Introduction to the Age of Industrialisation
    • Before the Industrial Revolution
    • The Coming Up of the Factory
    • The Pace of Industrial Change
    • Hand Labour and Steam Power
    • Life of the Workers
    • Industrialisation in the Colonies
    • The Age of Indian Textiles
    • Condition of Weavers under British Rule
    • Manchester Comes to India
    • Factories Come up
    • The Early Entrepreneurs
    • Sources of Industrial Labour
    • The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
    • Small-scale Industries Predominate
    • Market for Goods
    • Overview of The Age of Industrialisation
  • Print Culture and the Modern World
    • Introduction to Print Culture and the Modern World
    • The First Printed Books
    • Print Comes to Europe
    • Gutenberg and the Printing Press
    • The Print Revolution and Its Impact
    • A New Reading Public
    • Religious Debates and the Fear of Print
    • Print and Dissent
    • The Reading Mania
    • The Nineteenth Century
    • India and the World of Print
    • Religious Reform and Public Debates
    • New Forms of Publication
    • Women and Print
    • Print and the Poor People
    • Print and Censorship
    • Overview of Print Culture and the Modern World
  • Federalism
  • Geography (Contemporary India-II)
  • Sectors of the Indian Economy
    • Sectors of Economic Activities
    • Historical Change in Economic Sectors
    • Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in India
    • Concept for Employment Generation
    • Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised
    • Protective Measures for Unorganised Sector Workers
  • Geography (Contemporary India-II)
  • Forest and Wildlife Resources
    • Concept of Forest and Wildlife Resources
    • Flora and Fauna in India
    • Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India
  • Resources and Development
    • Resources: Meaning and Classification
    • Development of Resources
    • Resource Planning
    • Land Resources
    • Land Utilisation
    • Land Use Pattern in India
    • Land Degradation and Conservation Measures
    • Soil as a Resource
    • Classification of Soils
    • Overview of Resources and Development
  • Forest and Wildlife Resources
  • Water Resources
  • Agriculture
  • Minerals and Energy Resources
    • Minerals
    • Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
    • Ferrous Minerals
    • Non-Ferrous Minerals
    • Non-Metallic Minerals
    • Conservation of Minerals
    • Energy Resources
    • Conventional Sources of Energy
    • Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
    • Conservation of Energy Resources
    • Overview of Minerals and Energy Resources
  • Manufacturing Industries
  • Lifelines of National Economy
  • Democracy and Diversity
    • Divisions Inherent to the Working of Democracy
    • Effect of Caste on Politics and of Politics on Caste
    • Gender Division Shaped Politics
    • Communal Divisions Affect Democracy
  • Political Science (Democratic Politics-II)
  • Democratic Politics 2
  • Democracy and Diversity
    • A Story from Mexico Olympics
    • Differences, Similarities, Divisions
    • Politics of Social Divisions
  • Money and Credit
    • Role of Money in an Economy
    • Formal and Informal Financial Institutions for Savings and Credit
    • Formal Institution - Nationalized Commercial Bank
    • Informal Institutions - Local Money Lenders, Landlords, Self Help Groups, Chit Funds and Private Finance Companies
  • Water Resources
  • Power-sharing
    • Belgium and Sri Lanka: A Comparative Study of Ethnic Diversity
    • Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
    • Accommodation in Belgium
    • Importance of Power Sharing
    • Forms of Power-sharing
    • Overview of Power-Sharing
  • Federalism
  • Gender, Religion and Caste
  • Political Parties
    • Role of Political Parties in a Democracy
    • Number of Political Parties
    • Popular Participation in Political Parties
    • National Parties
    • State Parties
    • Challenges to Political Parties
    • Reforms in Political Parties
    • Overview of Political Parties
  • Outcomes of Democracy
    • Assessment of Democracy’s Outcomes
    • Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate Government
    • Economic Growth and Development
    • Reduction of Inequality and Poverty
    • Accommodation of Social Diversity
    • Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens
    • Overview of Outcomes of Democracy
  • Understanding Economic Development
  • Globalisation and the Indian Economy
    • Production Across Countries
    • Foreign Trade and Integration of Markets
    • Impact and Fair Globalization
  • Agriculture
    • Types of Farming
    • Concept for Major Crops
    • Concept for Crop Pattern
    • Technological and Institutional Reforms for Agriculture
    • Contribution of Agriculture to National Economy-employment and Output
  • Economics (Understanding Economic Development)
  • Gender, Religion and Caste
  • Development
    • Concept of Development
    • What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals
    • Income and Other Goals
    • National Development
    • Comparison Between Different Countries Or States
    • Income and Other Criteria
    • Public Facilities
    • Sustainability of Development
    • Overview of Development
  • Sectors of the Indian Economy
    • Sectors of Economic Activities
    • Comparing the Three Sectors
    • Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in India
    • Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised
    • Sectors in Terms of Ownership: Public and Private Sectors
    • Overview of Sectors of the Indian Economy
  • Money and Credit
  • Globalisation and the Indian Economy
  • Consumer Rights
  • Popular Struggles and Movements
    • Concept of Popular Struggles and Movements
    • Mobilisation and Organisations
    • Pressure Groups and Movements
  • Data Filling
    • Data Filling
  • Popular Struggles and Movements
    • Popular Struggles in Nepal and Bolivia
    • Movement for Democracy in Nepal
    • Bolivia’s Water War
    • Democracy and Popular Struggles
    • Mobilisation and Organisations
    • Pressure Groups and Movements
  • Minerals and Energy Resources
    • Classification of Minerals
    • Distribution of Minerals and Energy Resources
    • Use and Economic Importance of Minerals
    • Conservation of Minerals
    • Types of Power Resources - Conventional Sources
    • Types of Power Resources - Non-conventional Sources
    • Distribution and Utilization and Conservation of Power Resources
    • Conservation of Energy Resources
  • Consumer Rights
    • Consumer is Exploitation
    • Factors Causing Exploitation of Consumers
    • Rise of Consumer Awareness
    • How a Consumer Should Be in a Market
    • Role of Government in Consumer Protection
  • Manufacturing Industries
    • Types of Manufacturing Industries
    • Concept of Spatial Distribution
    • Contribution of Industry to National Economy
    • Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
    • Measures to Control Degradation
  • Political Parties
    • Role Do Political Parties Play in Competition and Contestation
    • Major National and Regional Parties in India/ Types of Political Parties
  • Outcomes of Democracy
    • Democracy Be Judged and Outcomes
    • Concept for Outcomes Reasonably Expect of Democracies
    • Democracy in India and Expectations
    • Concep for Democracy Led to Development, Security and Dignity for the People
    • Sustains Democracy in India
  • Life Lines of National Economy
    • Importance of Means of Communication and Transportation
    • Concept for Trade and Tourism
  • Challenges to Democracy
    • Thinking About Challenges
    • Different Contexts, Different Challenges
    • Different Types of Challenges
    • Political Reforms
    • Redefining Democracy
  • Challenges to Democracy
    • Idea of Democracy Shrinking
    • Major Challenges to Democracy in India
    • Concept for Democracy Be Reformed and Deepened
    • Concept for Role Ordinary Citizen Play in Deepening Democracy
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Resources and Their Classification

  • Resources are useful things available in the environment that satisfy human needs.
  • Human beings use technology to transform nature into resources.
  • Nature, technology, and institutions are interdependent with each other.
  • Resources are classified on the basis of origin, use, ownership, and development.
  • Resources may be renewable or non-renewable.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Development of Resources

  • Resources are essential for human survival and maintaining a good quality of life.
  • Overuse of resources has led to depletion, inequality between the rich and the poor, and environmental problems.
  • Fair distribution and proper planning of resources are necessary for sustainable life and global peace.
  • Sustainable development means meeting present needs without harming the environment or future generations.
  • The 1992 Rio Earth Summit introduced Agenda 21 to promote global cooperation for sustainable development.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Resource Planning

  • Resource planning is essential for the judicious and balanced use of resources.
  • India has great diversity in resource availability across different regions.
  • Some regions are rich in certain resources but lack others, such as minerals, water, or infrastructure.
  • Examples include mineral-rich states such as Jharkhand and water-rich but underdeveloped regions such as Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Balanced resource planning is needed at the national, state, regional, and local levels.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Resource Planning in India

  • Resource planning in India began with the First Five-Year Plan (1951) after Independence.
  • Availability of resources alone cannot ensure development without proper technology and institutions.
  • Some regions remain economically backward despite being resource-rich due to a lack of infrastructure.
  • Resource conservation was emphasised globally by the Brundtland Commission Report (1987), which introduced sustainable development.
  • Global efforts for conservation were strengthened at the Rio Earth Summit (1992).
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Land Resources

  • Land is an important natural resource as it supports human life, wildlife, vegetation, economic activities, transport, and communication.
  • Land is limited in quantity, so it must be used carefully with proper planning for different purposes.
  • India has diverse landforms, including mountains, plateaus, plains, and islands.
  • Plains cover about 43% of India’s land area and are suitable for agriculture and industrial activities.
  • Mountains (30%) and plateaus (27%) are important for rivers, tourism, ecology, minerals, fossil fuels, and forests.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Land Utilisation

  • Land is used for forests, agriculture, grazing, and non-agricultural activities.
  • Some land cannot be cultivated because it is barren or used for buildings and roads.
  • Uncultivated land includes pastures, tree crops, and cultivable waste land left unused for more than five years.
  • Fallow land is land left uncultivated for one year or for 1–5 years.
  • Net sown area is the land under crops, and repeated sowing in a year forms the gross cropped area.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Land Use Pattern in India

  • Land use in India depends on physical factors like climate and soil, and human factors like population and technology.
  • India’s total geographical area is 3.28 million sq km, but land use data is available for only 93% of it.
  • Permanent pasture land has decreased, and some land is cultivated only once in two to three years.
  • The net sown area differs greatly from one state to another in India.
  • Forest cover is less than the required 33%, and continuous land use has caused land degradation.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Land Degradation and Conservation Measures

  • Land is a vital resource that provides food, shelter, and clothing for present and future generations.
  • Human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and quarrying are major causes of land degradation.
  • Over-irrigation leads to waterlogging, salinity, and alkalinity, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh.
  • Industrial waste, mining dust, and effluents cause serious land and water pollution.
  • Land degradation can be reduced through afforestation, controlled grazing, waste management, and proper treatment of industrial effluents.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Soil as a Resource

  • Soil is an important renewable natural resource and supports plant growth and life on Earth.
  • Soil is a living system and takes millions of years to form a few centimetres of depth.
  • Factors like relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation, and time affect soil formation.
  • Natural forces such as water, wind, glaciers, and decomposers help in soil formation.
  • Indian soils are classified based on colour, texture, age, and chemical and physical properties.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Classification of Soils

  • India has different types of soils due to varied relief, climate, vegetation, and landforms.
  • Alluvial soil is the most widespread and fertile soil, found in the northern plains and river deltas.
  • Alluvial soils are of two types: Bangar (old) and Khadar (new), with Khadar being more fertile.
  • Black soil (Regur) is found in the Deccan Plateau and is ideal for cotton cultivation.
  • Red and yellow soils develop on igneous rocks and get their colour from iron content.
  • Laterite soil forms in areas of heavy rainfall and is suitable for tea, coffee, and cashew after conservation.
  • Arid and forest soils are found in dry regions and hilly areas, respectively, and their fertility depends on irrigation and location.
CBSE: Class 10

Key Points: Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation

  • Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil by natural forces like water and wind, and by human activities such as deforestation and overgrazing.
  • Running water causes gully erosion and sheet erosion, making land unfit for cultivation.
  • Wind erosion occurs when loose soil is blown away from flat or sloping land.
  • Wrong farming methods, like ploughing up and down slopes, increase soil erosion.
  • Soil conservation methods include contour ploughing, terrace farming, strip cropping, and shelter belts.
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