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Question
Choose three ‘since’ expressions and three ‘for’ expressions from the table above. Then write six sentences using the pattern in the box below.
I haven’t seen him since the day before yesterday.
I have not seen him for ages.
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Solution
(a) We have lived in Chandigarh since 2009.
(b) She has not visited me since Deepavali.
(c) He has not come here since 22nd June.
(d) I have not seen him for several weeks.
(e) I have owned a scooter for a decade now.
(f) This heap of rubbish has not been removed for 6 months.
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| Day | 7.00 am | 1.00 pm | 6.00 pm |
| Sunday | |||
| Monday | |||
| Tuesday | |||
| Wednesday | |||
| Thursday | |||
| Friday | |||
| Saturday |
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(g) SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE :
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(e) You’d better take a taxi. ___________ , you’ll arrive late.
(f) It’s not a very good job. _____________ it’s something to start with.
| (a) (i) However (ii) Although (iii) Despite (iv) So that |
(b) (i) on (ii) in (iii) by (iv) with |
| (c) (i) on (ii) out (iii) of (iv) off |
(d) (i) is (ii) are (iii) have (iv) been |
| (e) (i) However (ii) Consequently (iii) Furthermore (iv) Otherwise |
(f) (i) Besides (ii) Moreover (iii) On the other hand (iv) But |
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| it |
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Fill in the table to identify the subject, verb and object in the sentences listed above. You may include the object/agent where necessary.
| Subject | Verb | Object |
| Kareena’s hometown |
had not been invaded |
(by) the marvels of technology. |
| Industries | ___________ Was not polluted |
__________ __________ |
| Stories | __________ | __________ |
Did you know?
A passive construction does two things.
(i) it brings the object to the position of the subject.
(ii) it introduces the verb be and the past participle form of the verb. (-ed/ -en)
A passive construction is be used when
(a) the agent is unknown
e.g. Gold jewellery worth one crore was found missing.
(b) the agent is too obvious
e.g. The speeding car was stopped at the signal for violating the traffic rules.
(c) the process is more important than the doer.
e.g. Vanilla flavour is added to the milkshake.
(d) the speaker wants to hide the source for confidentiality.
e.g. I was informed that the staff accept gifts from the customers.
Choose the right word from the options given below and fill in the blanks.
(а) The weekly forecast says that I _________ an old friend this week.
(b) I have to catch the 5.00 am train tomorrow. So, I _________ go to bed late tonight.
(c) The casualties _________ to a nearby hospital.
(d) The majority of the news _________ about violence.
| (a) (i) will meet (ii) meet (iii) am meeting (iv) ought to meet |
(b) (i) have to (ii) needn’t (iii) may (iv) mustn’t |
| (c) (i) was taken (ii) were taken (iii) taken (iv) took |
(d) (i) are (ii) is (iii) has (iv) have |
Interactive practice
Individually, write down four sentences as in column A in 3.
| A (First speaker) | B (Questioner) | C (Reporter) | |
| 1. | What did he say? | ||
| 2. | What did she say? | ||
| 3. | What did he say? | ||
| 4. | What did the notice say? |
In pairs, choose one topic from the table in Question 3. Imagine that you and your parents are expressing your views on the topic. Use your notes from the table and write the dialogue that would take place. Make it funny! Share your dialogue with the rest of the class.
Read the following dialogue
Raghu : I think one of my snakes has escaped.
Sheela : Isn’t it dangerous? You really must stop collecting snakes, Raghu.
Raghu : But I like snakes – they are unusual pets.
Sheela : But I think it’s a dangerous thing to keep such pets.
Raghu : No, they’re not dangerous; they are really… .er… .quite friendly.
Sheela : Huh, snakes require a great deal of careful handling and are still a risk.
Raghu : i don’t mind. What matters is that I like them.
Sheela : Well, quite frankly, I hate them. They are awfully frightening to look at.
Raghu : Look, I am very careful and I handle them very gently. In fact, I don’t have many.
Sheela : Have you ever been bitten?
Raghu : Well, it’s true I’ve been bitten once or twice, but…
You are a friend who has overheard this conversation between Raghu and Sheela. Write to your sister reporting it. Give the conversation an interesting, unexpected or humorous ending. (The first part has been done for you.)
Janpath
5 January 2016
Dear Varsha
As you’re very interested in Raghu and his snakes, I thought I’d tell you about a conversation I heard between him and Sheela.
He told her he thought one of his snakes had escaped and, as usual, she told him to stop collecting them because they were dangerous. (Typical of Sheela, don’t you think?)
Pronouns
Direct speech indirect speech
| masculine | feminine | plural | |
| i | he | she | they |
| you | he | she | they |
| you | him | her | them |
| your | his | her | their |
| me | him | her | them |
| my | his | her | their |
| myself | himself | herself | themselves |
| we | they | ||
| use | them, their |
WORDS DENOTING TIME AND POSITION
When the reporting verb is in the past tense, certain words denoting nearness of
time and place are changed into words denoting distance.
It is treated necessary to change the words denoting nearness to words denoting
distance because, when we report the words of a person to somebody, the place
and time of the reporting is changed.
So the reported speech must be in line with the modified time and place.
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| now | then |
| ago | before |
| last night |
the previous night the night before |
| next day |
the following day the day after |
| today | the day |
| tonight | that night |
| yesterday |
the previous day the day before |
| tomorrow |
the next day the following day the day after |
| day before yesterday | the day before the previous day or two days before |
| day after tomorrow | the day after the next day ot in two days |
| week | the following week |
| now | then |
| here | there |
