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The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976. Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 - Mathematics and Statistics

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The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Production
(million barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976  
Production
(million barrels)
6 7 8 9 8 9 10  
  1. Obtain trend values for the above data using 5-yearly moving averages.
  2. Plot the original time series and trend values obtained above on the same graph.

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976: 

Year Production (Million Barrels)
1962 0
1963 0
1964 1
1965 1
1966 2
1967 3
1968 4
1969 5
1970 6
1971 7
1972 8
1973 9
1974 8
1975 9
1976 10

Obtain trend values for the above using 5-yearly moving averages:

Graph
Sum
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Solution

a. We construct the following table to obtain 5-yearly moving average:

Year
‘t’
Production
(millions of barrels)
yt
5-yearly
moving total
5-yearly
moving
averages
(Trend
value)
1962 0
1963 0
1964 1 4 0.8
1965 1 7 1.4
1966 2 11 2.2
1967 3 15 3.0
1968 4 20 4.0
1969 5 25 5.0
1970 6 30 6.0
1971 7 35 7.0
1972 8 38 7.6
1973 9 41 8.2
1974 8 44 8.8
1975 9
1976 10

b. Taking the year on the X-axis and the production trend on the Y-axis, we plot the points for production corresponding to years to get the graph of the time series and plot the point for trend values corresponding to years to get the graph of the trend as shown below:

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Notes

Students should refer to the answer according to their questions.

Measurement of Secular Trend
  Is there an error in this question or solution?
Chapter 2.4: Time Series - Q.4

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Use the method of least squares to fit a trend line to the data given below. Also, obtain the trend value for the year 1975.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Production
(million barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976  
Production
(million barrels)
6 8 9 9 8 7 10  

Complete the table using 4 yearly moving average method.

Year Production 4 yearly
moving
total
4 yearly
centered
total
4 yearly centered
moving average
(trend values)
2006 19  
    `square`    
2007 20   `square`
    72    
2008 17   142 17.75
    70    
2009 16   `square` 17
    `square`    
2010 17   133 `square`
    67    
2011 16   `square` `square`
    `square`    
2012 18   140 17.5
    72    
2013 17   147 18.375
    75    
2014 21  
       
2015 19  

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Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Production
xi
10 15 20 25 30
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Production
xi
35 40 45 50 55

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Fit a trend line to the following data by the method of least square :

Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
IMR 10 7 5 4 3 1 0

Following table gives the number of road accidents (in thousands) due to overspeeding in Maharashtra for 9 years. Complete the following activity to find the trend by the method of least squares.

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Number of accidents 39 18 21 28 27 27 23 25 22

Solution:

We take origin to 18, we get, the number of accidents as follows:

Year Number of accidents xt t u = t - 5 u2 u.xt
2008 21 1 -4 16 -84
2009 0 2 -3 9 0
2010 3 3 -2 4 -6
2011 10 4 -1 1 -10
2012 9 5 0 0 0
2013 9 6 1 1 9
2014 5 7 2 4 10
2015 7 8 3 9 21
2016 4 9 4 16 16
  `sumx_t=68` - `sumu=0` `sumu^2=60` `square`

The equation of trend is xt =a'+ b'u.

The normal equations are,

`sumx_t=na^'+b^'sumu             ...(1)`

`sumux_t=a^'sumu+b^'sumu^2      ...(2)`

Here, n = 9, `sumx_t=68,sumu=0,sumu^2=60,sumux_t=-44`

Putting these values in normal equations, we get

68 = 9a' + b'(0)     ...(3)

∴ a' = `square`

-44 = a'(0) + b'(60)          ...(4)

∴ b' = `square`

The equation of trend line is given by

xt = `square`


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