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The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976. Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

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Questions

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Production
(million barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976  
Production
(million barrels)
6 7 8 9 8 9 10  
  1. Obtain trend values for the above data using 5-yearly moving averages.
  2. Plot the original time series and trend values obtained above on the same graph.

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976: 

Year Production (Million Barrels)
1962 0
1963 0
1964 1
1965 1
1966 2
1967 3
1968 4
1969 5
1970 6
1971 7
1972 8
1973 9
1974 8
1975 9
1976 10

Obtain trend values for the above using 5-yearly moving averages:

Graph
Sum
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Solution

a. We construct the following table to obtain 5-yearly moving average:

Year
‘t’
Production
(millions of barrels)
yt
5-yearly
moving total
5-yearly
moving
averages
(Trend
value)
1962 0
1963 0
1964 1 4 0.8
1965 1 7 1.4
1966 2 11 2.2
1967 3 15 3.0
1968 4 20 4.0
1969 5 25 5.0
1970 6 30 6.0
1971 7 35 7.0
1972 8 38 7.6
1973 9 41 8.2
1974 8 44 8.8
1975 9
1976 10

b. Taking the year on the X-axis and the production trend on the Y-axis, we plot the points for production corresponding to years to get the graph of the time series and plot the point for trend values corresponding to years to get the graph of the trend as shown below:

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Notes

Students should refer to the answer according to their questions.

Measurement of Secular Trend
  Is there an error in this question or solution?
Chapter 2.4: Time Series - Q.4

RELATED QUESTIONS

Obtain the trend line for the above data using 5 yearly moving averages.


Obtain the trend values for the data in using 4-yearly centered moving averages.

Year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
Index 0 2 3 3 2 4 5 6 7 10

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Production
(Million Barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10

i. Obtain trend values for the above data using 5-yearly moving averages.
ii. Plot the original time series and trend values obtained above on the same graph.


Choose the correct alternative :

We can use regression line for past data to forecast future data. We then use the line which_______.


State whether the following is True or False :

Moving average method of finding trend is very complicated and involves several calculations.


State whether the following is True or False :

Least squares method of finding trend is very simple and does not involve any calculations.


Solve the following problem :

The following table shows the production of pig-iron and ferro- alloys (‘000 metric tonnes)

Year 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Production 0 4 9 9 8 5 4 8 10

Fit a trend line to the above data by graphical method.


Obtain trend values for the following data using 4-yearly centered moving averages.

Year 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Production 1 0 1 2 3 2
Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Production 3 6 5 1 4 10

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Fit a trend line to the data in Problem 7 by the method of least squares.


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Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
Number of boxes (in ten thousands) 1 0 3 8 10 4 5 8

Solve the following problem :

Fit a trend line to data in Problem 16 by the method of least squares.


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Obtain trend values for data in Problem 16 using 3-yearly moving averages.


Obtain trend values for data in Problem 19 using 3-yearly moving averages.


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Following tables shows the wheat yield (‘000 tonnes) in India for years 1959 to 1968.

Year 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
Yield 0 1 2 3 1 0 4 1 2 10

Fit a trend line to the above data by the method of least squares.


The method of measuring trend of time series using only averages is ______


State whether the following statement is True or False:

The secular trend component of time series represents irregular variations


State whether the following statement is True or False:

Least squares method of finding trend is very simple and does not involve any calculations


Following table shows the amount of sugar production (in lac tons) for the years 1971 to 1982

Year 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Production 1 0 1 2 3 2
Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Production 4 6 5 1 4 10

Fit a trend line by the method of least squares


Obtain trend values for data, using 4-yearly centred moving averages

Year 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Production 1 0 1 2 3 2
Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Production 4 6 5 1 4 10

The following table gives the production of steel (in millions of tons) for years 1976 to 1986.

Year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Production 0 4 4 2 6 8 5 9 4 10 10

Obtain the trend value for the year 1990


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Year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Production 0 4 4 2 6 8
Year 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986  
Production 5 9 4 10 10  

Use the method of least squares to fit a trend line to the data given below. Also, obtain the trend value for the year 1975.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Production
(million barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976  
Production
(million barrels)
6 8 9 9 8 7 10  

Fit equation of trend line for the data given below.

Year Production (y) x x2 xy
2006 19 – 9 81 – 171
2007 20 – 7 49 – 140
2008 14 – 5 25 – 70
2009 16 – 3 9 – 48
2010 17 – 1 1 – 17
2011 16 1 1 16
2012 18 3 9 54
2013 17 5 25 85
2014 21 7 49 147
2015 19 9 81 171
Total 177 0 330 27

Let the equation of trend line be y = a + bx   .....(i)

Here n = `square` (even), two middle years are `square` and 2011, and h = `square`

The normal equations are Σy = na + bΣx

As Σx = 0, a = `square`

Also, Σxy = aΣx + bΣx2

As Σx = 0, b = `square`

Substitute values of a and b in equation (i) the equation of trend line is `square`

To find trend value for the year 2016, put x = `square` in the above equation.

y = `square`


Following table shows the amount of sugar production (in lakh tonnes) for the years 1931 to 1941:

Year Production Year Production
1931 1 1937 8
1932 0 1938 6
1933 1 1939 5
1934 2 1940 1
1935 3 1941 4
1936 2    

Complete the following activity to fit a trend line by method of least squares:


The publisher of a magazine wants to determine the rate of increase in the number of subscribers. The following table shows the subscription information for eight consecutive years:

Years 1976 1977 1978 1979
No. of subscribers
(in millions)
12 11 19 17
Years 1980 1981 1982 1983
No. of subscribers
(in millions)
19 18 20 23

Fit a trend line by graphical method.


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