मराठी
महाराष्ट्र राज्य शिक्षण मंडळएचएससी वाणिज्य (इंग्रजी माध्यम) इयत्ता १२ वी

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976. Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

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प्रश्न

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Production
(million barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976  
Production
(million barrels)
6 7 8 9 8 9 10  
  1. Obtain trend values for the above data using 5-yearly moving averages.
  2. Plot the original time series and trend values obtained above on the same graph.

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976: 

Year Production (Million Barrels)
1962 0
1963 0
1964 1
1965 1
1966 2
1967 3
1968 4
1969 5
1970 6
1971 7
1972 8
1973 9
1974 8
1975 9
1976 10

Obtain trend values for the above using 5-yearly moving averages:

आलेख
बेरीज
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उत्तर

a. We construct the following table to obtain 5-yearly moving average:

Year
‘t’
Production
(millions of barrels)
yt
5-yearly
moving total
5-yearly
moving
averages
(Trend
value)
1962 0
1963 0
1964 1 4 0.8
1965 1 7 1.4
1966 2 11 2.2
1967 3 15 3.0
1968 4 20 4.0
1969 5 25 5.0
1970 6 30 6.0
1971 7 35 7.0
1972 8 38 7.6
1973 9 41 8.2
1974 8 44 8.8
1975 9
1976 10

b. Taking the year on the X-axis and the production trend on the Y-axis, we plot the points for production corresponding to years to get the graph of the time series and plot the point for trend values corresponding to years to get the graph of the trend as shown below:

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Notes

Students should refer to the answer according to their questions.

Measurement of Secular Trend
  या प्रश्नात किंवा उत्तरात काही त्रुटी आहे का?
पाठ 2.4: Time Series - Q.4

संबंधित प्रश्‍न

Obtain the trend values for the data in using 4-yearly centered moving averages.

Year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
Index 0 2 3 3 2 4 5 6 7 10

Fit a trend line to the data in Problem 7 by the method of least squares. Also, obtain the trend value for the year 1990.


Choose the correct alternative :

Which of the following is a major problem for forecasting, especially when using the method of least squares?


Choose the correct alternative :

What is a disadvantage of the graphical method of determining a trend line?


State whether the following is True or False :

Moving average method of finding trend is very complicated and involves several calculations.


State whether the following is True or False :

Least squares method of finding trend is very simple and does not involve any calculations.


Fit a trend line to the following data by the method of least squares.

Year 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Production 0 4 9 9 8 5 4 8 10

Solve the following problem :

Obtain trend values for the following data using 5-yearly moving averages.

Year 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Production 0 4 9 9 8 5 4 8 10

Solve the following problem :

Fit a trend line to the data in Problem 7 by the method of least squares.


Solve the following problem :

Fit a trend line to data in Problem 13 by the method of least squares.


Solve the following problem :

Following table shows the all India infant mortality rates (per ‘000) for years 1980 to 2010.

Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
IMR 10 7 5 4 3 1 0

Fit a trend line to the above data by graphical method.


Obtain trend values for data in Problem 19 using 3-yearly moving averages.


Choose the correct alternative:

Moving averages are useful in identifying ______.


State whether the following statement is True or False:

The secular trend component of time series represents irregular variations


State whether the following statement is True or False: 

Moving average method of finding trend is very complicated and involves several calculations


State whether the following statement is True or False:

Least squares method of finding trend is very simple and does not involve any calculations


Obtain the trend values for the data, using 3-yearly moving averages

Year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Production 0 4 4 2 6 8
Year 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986  
Production 5 9 4 10 10  

Following table shows the all India infant mortality rates (per ‘000) for years 1980 to 2010

Year 1980 1985 1990 1995
IMR 10 7 5 4
Year 2000 2005 2010  
IMR 3 1 0  

Fit a trend line by the method of least squares

Solution: Let us fit equation of trend line for above data.

Let the equation of trend line be y = a + bx   .....(i)

Here n = 7(odd), middle year is `square` and h = 5

Year IMR (y) x x2 x.y
1980 10 – 3 9 – 30
1985 7 – 2 4 – 14
1990 5 – 1 1 – 5
1995 4 0 0 0
2000 3 1 1 3
2005 1 2 4 2
2010 0 3 9 0
Total 30 0 28 – 44

The normal equations are

Σy = na + bΣx

As, Σx = 0, a = `square`

Also, Σxy = aΣx + bΣx2

As, Σx = 0, b =`square`

∴ The equation of trend line is y = `square`


Obtain trend values for data, using 3-yearly moving averages
Solution:

Year IMR 3 yearly
moving total
3-yearly moving
average

(trend value)
1980 10
1985 7 `square` 7.33
1990 5 16 `square`
1995 4 12 4
2000 3 8 `square`
2005 1 `square` 1.33
2010 0

Fit equation of trend line for the data given below.

Year Production (y) x x2 xy
2006 19 – 9 81 – 171
2007 20 – 7 49 – 140
2008 14 – 5 25 – 70
2009 16 – 3 9 – 48
2010 17 – 1 1 – 17
2011 16 1 1 16
2012 18 3 9 54
2013 17 5 25 85
2014 21 7 49 147
2015 19 9 81 171
Total 177 0 330 27

Let the equation of trend line be y = a + bx   .....(i)

Here n = `square` (even), two middle years are `square` and 2011, and h = `square`

The normal equations are Σy = na + bΣx

As Σx = 0, a = `square`

Also, Σxy = aΣx + bΣx2

As Σx = 0, b = `square`

Substitute values of a and b in equation (i) the equation of trend line is `square`

To find trend value for the year 2016, put x = `square` in the above equation.

y = `square`


Following table shows the amount of sugar production (in lakh tonnes) for the years 1931 to 1941:

Year Production Year Production
1931 1 1937 8
1932 0 1938 6
1933 1 1939 5
1934 2 1940 1
1935 3 1941 4
1936 2    

Complete the following activity to fit a trend line by method of least squares:


The complicated but efficient method of measuring trend of time series is ______.


The following table shows gross capital information (in Crore ₹) for years 1966 to 1975:

Years 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
Gross Capital information 20 25 25 30 35
Years 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
Gross Capital information 30 45 40 55 65

Obtain trend values using 5-yearly moving values.


The publisher of a magazine wants to determine the rate of increase in the number of subscribers. The following table shows the subscription information for eight consecutive years:

Years 1976 1977 1978 1979
No. of subscribers
(in millions)
12 11 19 17
Years 1980 1981 1982 1983
No. of subscribers
(in millions)
19 18 20 23

Fit a trend line by graphical method.


Fit a trend line to the following data by the method of least square :

Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
IMR 10 7 5 4 3 1 0

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