मराठी
महाराष्ट्र राज्य शिक्षण मंडळएचएससी वाणिज्य (इंग्रजी माध्यम) इयत्ता १२ वी

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976. Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 - Mathematics and Statistics

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प्रश्न

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Production
(million barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976  
Production
(million barrels)
6 7 8 9 8 9 10  
  1. Obtain trend values for the above data using 5-yearly moving averages.
  2. Plot the original time series and trend values obtained above on the same graph.

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976: 

Year Production (Million Barrels)
1962 0
1963 0
1964 1
1965 1
1966 2
1967 3
1968 4
1969 5
1970 6
1971 7
1972 8
1973 9
1974 8
1975 9
1976 10

Obtain trend values for the above using 5-yearly moving averages:

आलेख
बेरीज
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उत्तर

a. We construct the following table to obtain 5-yearly moving average:

Year
‘t’
Production
(millions of barrels)
yt
5-yearly
moving total
5-yearly
moving
averages
(Trend
value)
1962 0
1963 0
1964 1 4 0.8
1965 1 7 1.4
1966 2 11 2.2
1967 3 15 3.0
1968 4 20 4.0
1969 5 25 5.0
1970 6 30 6.0
1971 7 35 7.0
1972 8 38 7.6
1973 9 41 8.2
1974 8 44 8.8
1975 9
1976 10

b. Taking the year on the X-axis and the production trend on the Y-axis, we plot the points for production corresponding to years to get the graph of the time series and plot the point for trend values corresponding to years to get the graph of the trend as shown below:

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Notes

Students should refer to the answer according to their questions.

Measurement of Secular Trend
  या प्रश्नात किंवा उत्तरात काही त्रुटी आहे का?
पाठ 2.4: Time Series - Q.4

संबंधित प्रश्‍न

Fit a trend line to the data in Problem 4 above by the method of least squares. Also, obtain the trend value for the index of industrial production for the year 1987.


Obtain the trend values for the above data using 3-yearly moving averages.


Choose the correct alternative :

We can use regression line for past data to forecast future data. We then use the line which_______.


The simplest method of measuring trend of time series is ______.


State whether the following is True or False :

Graphical method of finding trend is very complicated and involves several calculations.


State whether the following is True or False :

Least squares method of finding trend is very simple and does not involve any calculations.


State whether the following is True or False :

All the three methods of measuring trend will always give the same results.


Solve the following problem :

Obtain trend values for the following data using 5-yearly moving averages.

Year 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Production 0 4 9 9 8 5 4 8 10

Solve the following problem :

Fit a trend line to data in Problem 4 by the method of least squares.


Solve the following problem :

Fit a trend line to the data in Problem 7 by the method of least squares.


Solve the following problem :

Following table shows the number of traffic fatalities (in a state) resulting from drunken driving for years 1975 to 1983.

Year 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
No. of deaths 0 6 3 8 2 9 4 5 10

Fit a trend line to the above data by graphical method.


Solve the following problem :

Following table shows the all India infant mortality rates (per ‘000) for years 1980 to 2010.

Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
IMR 10 7 5 4 3 1 0

Fit a trend line to the above data by graphical method.


Choose the correct alternative:

Moving averages are useful in identifying ______.


The complicated but efficient method of measuring trend of time series is ______


The method of measuring trend of time series using only averages is ______


State whether the following statement is True or False:

The secular trend component of time series represents irregular variations


State whether the following statement is True or False: 

Moving average method of finding trend is very complicated and involves several calculations


Following table shows the amount of sugar production (in lac tons) for the years 1971 to 1982

Year 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Production 1 0 1 2 3 2
Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Production 4 6 5 1 4 10

Fit a trend line by the method of least squares


Use the method of least squares to fit a trend line to the data given below. Also, obtain the trend value for the year 1975.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Production
(million barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976  
Production
(million barrels)
6 8 9 9 8 7 10  

Obtain the trend values for the following data using 5 yearly moving averages:

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Production
xi
10 15 20 25 30
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Production
xi
35 40 45 50 55

The complicated but efficient method of measuring trend of time series is ______.


The following table shows gross capital information (in Crore ₹) for years 1966 to 1975:

Years 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
Gross Capital information 20 25 25 30 35
Years 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
Gross Capital information 30 45 40 55 65

Obtain trend values using 5-yearly moving values.


Complete the following activity to fit a trend line to the following data by the method of least squares.

Year 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
Number of deaths 0 6 3 8 2 9 4 5 10

Solution:

Here n = 9. We transform year t to u by taking u = t - 1979. We construct the following table for calculation :

Year t Number of deaths xt u = t - 1979 u2 uxt
1975 0 - 4 16 0
1976 6 - 3 9 - 18
1977 3 - 2 4 - 6
1978 8 - 1 1 - 8
1979 2 0 0 0
1980 9 1 1 9
1981 4 2 4 8
1982 5 3 9 15
1983 10 4 16 40
  `sumx_t` =47 `sumu`=0 `sumu^2=60` `square`

The equation of trend line is xt= a' + b'u.

The normal equations are,

`sumx_t = na^' + b^' sumu`              ...(1)

`sumux_t = a^'sumu + b^'sumu^2`      ...(2)

Here, n = 9, `sumx_t = 47, sumu= 0, sumu^2 = 60`

By putting these values in normal equations, we get

47 = 9a' + b' (0)       ...(3)

40 = a'(0) + b'(60)      ...(4)

From equation (3), we get a' = `square`

From equation (4), we get b' = `square`

∴ the equation of trend line is xt = `square`


Following table gives the number of road accidents (in thousands) due to overspeeding in Maharashtra for 9 years. Complete the following activity to find the trend by the method of least squares.

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Number of accidents 39 18 21 28 27 27 23 25 22

Solution:

We take origin to 18, we get, the number of accidents as follows:

Year Number of accidents xt t u = t - 5 u2 u.xt
2008 21 1 -4 16 -84
2009 0 2 -3 9 0
2010 3 3 -2 4 -6
2011 10 4 -1 1 -10
2012 9 5 0 0 0
2013 9 6 1 1 9
2014 5 7 2 4 10
2015 7 8 3 9 21
2016 4 9 4 16 16
  `sumx_t=68` - `sumu=0` `sumu^2=60` `square`

The equation of trend is xt =a'+ b'u.

The normal equations are,

`sumx_t=na^'+b^'sumu             ...(1)`

`sumux_t=a^'sumu+b^'sumu^2      ...(2)`

Here, n = 9, `sumx_t=68,sumu=0,sumu^2=60,sumux_t=-44`

Putting these values in normal equations, we get

68 = 9a' + b'(0)     ...(3)

∴ a' = `square`

-44 = a'(0) + b'(60)          ...(4)

∴ b' = `square`

The equation of trend line is given by

xt = `square`


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