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Questions
How would you account for the following?
Transition metals and their compounds act as catalysts.
Give a Reason for the Following:
Transition Elements and Their Compounds Act as Catalysts.
Explain giving reason:
Transition metals and their many compounds act as good catalysts.
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Solution
Transition metals and their compounds are known for their catalytic activity. This property of transition metals is due to their variable valency and their ability to form complex compounds. Vanadium (V) oxide (in the contact process), finely divided iron (in the Haber process) and nickel (in catalytic hydrogenation) are some examples of catalysis by transition metals. Bonds are formed between the reactant molecules and the atoms of the catalyst surface on the solid surface of the catalyst. Metals of the first transition series use 3d and 4s electrons to form bonds, as a result of which the concentration of the reactant on the catalyst surface increases and the bonds present in the reactant molecules become weak. Due to this, the value of activation energy decreases. Transition metals are more effective as catalysts because of the possibility of changes in oxidation states.
For example, Iron (III) catalyzes the reaction between the iodide ion and the persulfate ion.
\[\ce{2I^- + S2O^{2-}_8 -> I2 ^ + 2SO^{2-}_4}\]
The explanation of this catalytic reaction is as follows:
\[\ce{2Fe^{3+} + 2I^- -> 2Fe^{2+} + I2 ^}\]
\[\ce{2Fe^{2+} + S2O^{2-}_8 -> 2Fe^{3+} + 2SO^{2-}_4}\]
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Are there nuclear reactions going on in our bodies? There are nuclear reactions constantly occurring in our bodies, but there are very few of them compared to the chemical reactions, and they do not affect our bodies much. All of the physical processes that take place to keep a human body running are chemical processes. Nuclear reactions can lead to chemical damage, which the body may notice and try to fix. The nuclear reaction occurring in our bodies is radioactive decay. This is the change of a less stable nucleus to a more stable nucleus. Every atom has either a stable nucleus or an unstable nucleus, depending on how big it is and on the ratio of protons to neutrons. The ratio of neutrons to protons in a stable nucleus is thus around 1 : 1 for small nuclei (Z < 20). Nuclei with too many neutrons, too few neutrons, or that are simply too big are unstable. They eventually transform to a stable form through radioactive decay. Wherever there are atoms with unstable nuclei (radioactive atoms), there are nuclear reactions occurring naturally. The interesting thing is that there are small amounts of radioactive atoms everywhere: in your chair, in the ground, in the food you eat, and yes, in your body. The most common natural radioactive isotopes in humans are carbon-14 and potassium-40. Chemically, these isotopes behave exactly like stable carbon and potassium. For this reason, the body uses carbon-14 and potassium-40 just like it does normal carbon and potassium; building them into the different parts of the cells, without knowing that they are radioactive. In time, carbon-14 atoms decay to stable nitrogen atoms and potassium-40 atoms decay to stable calcium atoms. Chemicals in the body that relied on having a carbon-14 atom or potassium-40 atom in a certain spot will suddenly have a nitrogen or calcium atom. Such a change damages the chemical. Normally, such changes are so rare, that the body can repair the damage or filter away the damaged chemicals. The natural occurrence of carbon-14 decay in the body is the core principle behind carbon dating. As long as a person is alive and still eating, every carbon-14 atom that decays into a nitrogen atom is replaced on average with a new carbon-14 atom. But once a person dies, he stops replacing the decaying carbon-14 atoms. Slowly the carbon-14 atoms decay to nitrogen without being replaced, so that there is less and less carbon-14 in a dead body. The rate at which carbon-14 decays is constant and follows first order kinetics. It has a half-life of nearly 6000 years, so by measuring the relative amount of carbon-14 in a bone, archeologists can calculate when the person died. All living organisms consume carbon, so carbon dating can be used to date any living organism, and any object made from a living organism. Bones, wood, leather, and even paper can be accurately dated, as long as they first existed within the last 60,000 years. This is all because of the fact that nuclear reactions naturally occur in living organisms. |
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