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Questions
How is the variability in oxidation states of transition metals different from that of the non-transition metals? Illustrate with examples.
How is the variability in oxidation states of transition metals different from that of the p-block elements?
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Solution 1
In transition elements, the oxidation state can vary from +1 to the highest oxidation state by removing all its valence electrons. Also, in transition elements, the oxidation states differ by 1 (Fe2+ and Fe3+; Cu+ and Cu2+). In non-transition elements, the oxidation states differ by 2, for example, +2 and +4 or +3 and +5, etc.
Solution 2
The variability of oxidation states, a characteristic of transition elements, arises due to incomplete filling of d-orbitals in such a way that their oxidation states differ from each other by unity, e.g., Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr2+, Cr3+. This is in contrast with the variability of oxidation states of non-transition elements where oxidation states normally differ by a unit of two. i.e., Sn2+, Sn4+, P3+ and P5+, etc. in the p-block the lower oxidation states are favoured by the heavier members (due to inert pair effect), the opposite is true in the groups of J-block.For example, in group 6, Mo (VI) and W (VI) are found to be more stable than Cr (VI). Thus Cr (VI) in the form of dichromate in acidic medium is a strong oxidising agent, whereas MOO3 and WO3 are not.
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