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प्रश्न
Many sentences and paragraphs in the excerpt begin with the word ‘And’. To what extent does this contribute to the rhetorical style of the lecture?
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उत्तर
John Ruskin gave ‘What is a Good Book’ as a public lecture in the nineteenth century. His style of speaking is more fluid and conversational as compared to an essay. His repetitive use of ‘And’ or ‘but’ helps in explaining an idea even further. It is more spontaneous like an interaction rather than written and rewritten like an essay.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
1. Air pollution is an issue which concerns us all alike. One can willingly choose or reject a food, a drink or a life comfort, but unfortunately there is little choice for the air we breathe. All, what is there in the air is inhaled by one and all living in those surroundings.
2. Air pollutant is defined as a substance which is present while normally it is not there or present in an amount exceeding the normal concentrations. It could either be gaseous or a particulate matter. The important and harmful polluting gases are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone and oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. The common particulate pollutants are the dusts of various inorganic or organic origins. Although we often talk of the outdoor air pollutions caused by industrial and vehicular exhausts, the indoor pollution may prove to be as or a more important cause of health problems.
3. Recognition of air pollution is relatively recent. It is not uncommon to experience a feeling of 'suffocation' in a closed environment. It is often ascribed to the lack of oxygen. Fortunately, however, the composition of air is remarkably constant all over the world. There is about 79 per cent nitrogen and 21 per cent oxygen in the air − the other gases forming a very small fraction. It is true that carbon dioxide exhaled out of lungs may accumulate in a closed and over-crowded place. But such an increase is usually small and temporary unless the room is really air-tight. Exposure to poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide may occur in a closed room, heated by burning coal inside. This may also prove to be fatal.
4. What is more common in a poorly ventilated home is a vague constellation of symptoms described as the sick-building syndrome. It is characterized by a general feeling of malaise, head-ache, dizziness and irritation of mucous membranes. It may also be accompanied by nausea, itching, aches, pains and depression. Sick building syndrome is getting commoner in big cities with the small houses, which are generally over-furnished. Some of the important pollutants whose indoor concentrations exceed those of the outdoors include gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and organic substances like spores, formaldehydes, hydrocarbon aerosols and allergens. The sources are attributed to a variety of construction materials, insulations, furnishings, adhesives, cosmetics, house dusts, fungi and other indoor products.
5. By-products of fuel combustion are important in houses with indoor kitchens. It is not only the brining of dried dung and fuelwood which is responsible, but also kerosene and liquid petroleum gas. Oxides of both nitrogen and sulphur are released from their combustion.
6. Smoking of tobacco in the closed environment is an important source of indoor pollution. It may not be high quantitatively, but significantly hazardous for health. It is because of the fact that there are over 3000 chemical constituents in tobacco smoke, which have been identified. These are harmful for human health.
7. Micro-organisms and allergens are of special significance in the causation and spread of diseases. Most of the infective illnesses may involve more persons of a family living in common indoor environment. These include viral and bacterial diseases like tuberculosis.
8. Besides infections, allergic and hypersensitivity disorders are spreading fast. Although asthma is the most common form of respiratory allergic disorders, pneumonias are not uncommon, but more persistent and serious. These are attributed to exposures to allergens from various fungi, molds, hay and other organic materials. Indoor air ventilation systems, coolers, air-conditioners, dampness, decay, pet animals, production or handling of the causative items are responsible for these hypersensitivity − diseases.
9. Obviously, the spectrum of pollution is very wide and our options are limited. Indoor pollution may be handled relatively easily by an individual. Moreover, the good work must start from one’s own house
(Extracted from the Tribune)
(a) (i) What is an air pollutant? (1)
(ii) In what forms are the air pollutants present? (2)
(iii) Why do we feel suffocated in a closed environment? (1)
(iv) What is sick building syndrome? How is it increasing? (2)
(v) How is indoor smoking very hazardous? (1)
(vi) How can one overcome the dangers of indoor air pollution? (2)
(b) Find the words from the above passage which mean the same as the following: (3)
(i) giddiness (para 4)
(ii) constant (para 8)
(iii) humidity (para 8)
Answer any four of the following question in 30 – 40 words each:
(a) ''What a thunderclap these words were to me!'' (Franz). What were those words and what was their effect of Franz?
(b) Why did Douglas fail to come to the surface of the pool as he hoped to?
(c) What was Kamala Das's childhood fear?
(d) How is the Earth a source of life when all seems dead on it? Keeping Quiet)
(e) How does Mr. Lamb react when Derry enters his garden?
(f) Which problem did the Maharaja face when he had killed seventy tigers? How did he solve it?
To what end have humans used their superior intelligence ?
Answer the following question in 200-250 words:
"The best and most beautiful things in the world can't be seen or even touched. They must be felt with the heart." Justify the famous quote of Helen Keller.
What is the meaning of the line “Both wry with the laboured ease of loss”.
List the steps taken by the captain
(i) to protect the ship when rough weather began.
(ii) to check the flooding of the water in the ship.
Notice these expression in the text. Infer their meaning from the context.
swathe
Briefly comment on:
The purpose of the author’s journey to Mount Kailash.
Read the play out in parts. Enact the play on a suitable occasion.
Examine the communication channels in the story between Paul and Bassett.
Why do you think the poet has used so many 'negatives' to make his statement?
Love is presented as the subject or the doer of actions in the poem. Why do you think the poet has used this form rather than involving human agents?
How does Forster trace the human interest in the story to primitive times?
Why is the poem entitled 'Hawk Roosting'?
Comment on the subtlety with which the poet captures the general pattern of communication within a family.
Answer in your own words.
Why did the old man have no need to build the bridge, across the chasm?
Read the story and choose the appropriate meaning.
Skeleton branches ____________.
Go through the poem and state whether the following statement is true or false.
Planners take public consent for the alterations they make in the old structures of the city.
How do we realize that animals are not feeling well?
Read 'The City Planners' by Margaret Atwood.
Apart from the children, no other human beings are mentioned in the poem. However, many natural elements are shown to act like persons. Name them and also write what they do.
Read the passage and answer the following question:
What is seen on the obverse and reverse of the PVC medal?
Read the passage and answer the following question:
What makes Indra’s vajra or weapon invincible?
What do restive horses do?
Find sentences from the play related to the given points.
The tension between different loyalties
- It’s little we get but abuse from the people, and no choice but to obey our orders.
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
There were some reasons why Theseus was initially against but later gave consent for the marriage of Helena with Lysander. Explain.
Shakespeare’s poetry has come to be valued for its own sake on the stage. Comment with reference to the play ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream.’
Explain the following statement with reference to the context.
You ought to be ashamed of yourself.
Find out the following with the help of your teacher and the internet.
Seasonal Rains (monsoon) in India and other countries.
Complete the following diagram.
Find the different units of measurement mentioned in the passage and get more information about them from the internet.
Choose the appropriate phrase to insert in the gap, to make the sentence meaningful. Use the appropriate form of the verb.
I ______ just as I was to receive my Report Card.
Now try to add a contradictory word to the following:
- What a ______ mess you’ve got us into!
- It’s a ______ imitation of a diamond necklace.
- My trip to Matheran was a ______ holiday.
- With such heavy makeup, she looks ______ ugly.
- A ______ crowd gathered to see the magic show.
Note: Contrasting words that go together are examples of the language device called Oxymoron.
Who said the following, to whom, and when?
“As you desire, Huzoor.”
List the characters in the play.
Human characters
When do the parents feel sorry and become unhappy?
Why did he spill the milk?
Read the incident again and answer the following question.
What is the humour element in the above incident?
Read the story again and write how these character reacted in these situation:
Zigzag hardly never sleeps.
Somu………………………
Dr.Krishnan……………………….
We should learn to ______questions.
- ask
- answer
- discard
Identify the character/speaker.
Go to my cottage and fetch my gloves and fan.
What qualities of Mr. Phileas Fogg are highlighted in this extract? Support your answer with suitable examples.
What are the characteristics of a courageous man?
Rearrange the following jumbled sentences in the correct order.
- Payal’s house was a home for abandoned animals.
- It was a small ball of brown and grey.
- She found an owlet in one corner.
- Payal’s mother picked her up gently.
- Payal’s mother opened the carton.
- One day they got a carton.
Who came to India from Portugal in search of pepper?
What word could best replace ‘charges’ in the poem - marches, rushes or pushes?
What is Amar Jawan Jyoti?
The bird-catcher had a pigeon in his _______.
Identify the character or the speaker.
“I was cruel and selfish.”
Some words sound the same but their spelling and meaning are different. Such words are called homophones. There are many homophones.
What was his master’s advice?
Uthaman was skilled in _____.
What did the five friends call themselves?
List out the questions to which you seek answer using 'Why?'
Choose the correct answer.
Read the advertisement and answer the question given below.
What is the name of the dealer?
The villagers took oath not to harm the _______.
Try your own.
Kamali gave her savings to______.
Now, read the following biographical extract on Sujatha Rangarajan, a Sciencefiction writer, and answer the questions that follow.
- Sujatha is the allonym of the Tamil author S. Rangarajan and it is this name that is recognised at once by the Tamil SciFi reading community. You might have seen the Tamil movie ‘Endiran’ where the robot Chitti exhibits extraordinary talents in an incredible manner. The robot could excel a human being in any act, beyond one’s imagination. Jeeno, a robotic dog which appeared in Sujatha’s science fiction novel “En Iniya Iyandhira” (My Dear Robot) formed the basis of Chitti’s character. Like Chitti, Jeeno was an allrounder who could cook, clean and fight. High-tech computer technology terms are used in the story. Jeeno, a pet robot, plays an important role throughout the story. As the story proceeds, it behaves and starts to think on its own like a human and instructs Nila, a human being, on how to proceed further in her crises.
- In the preface of ‘En Iniya Iyandhira’, the writer states the reason for his attraction to the genre: “Science gives us the wonderful freedom to analyse thousands and thousands of alternative possibilities. While using it, and while playing with its new games, a writer needs to be cautious only about one thing. The story should draw some parallels or association from the emotions and desires of the present humankind. Only then it becomes interesting. Jeeno, the robot dog, was intelligent. But the character became popular only because of the robot’s frequently displayed human tendencies.” It is no wonder that all his works echo these words and will remain etched in the minds of the readers who enjoy reading his novels to have a wonderful lifetime experience.
- It was Sujatha, who set the trend for sci-fi stories. He had tracked the origin from Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein to his short stories. He has written 50 sci-fi short stories and these were published in various Tamil magazines. His stories have inspired many readers to extend their reading to English sci-fi writers like Isaac Asimov. The themes were bold, even if there was a dependence on a very well-established characterization of English fiction. Sujatha opened up a new world to us with his writings on holograms, computers and works like ‘En Iniya Iyanthira’ inspire many to study computer science.
- He has been one of the greatest writers for more than four decades. He combined reasoning and science in his writings. Being a multifaceted hi-fi and sci-fi humanistic author, he expressed his views distinctively. He was the one who took Tamil novels to the next level. As an MIT alumnus and an engineer at BHEL, he was very good at technology. He could narrate sci-fi stories impressively. His readers always enjoyed reading all his detective and sci-fi novels which featured the most famous duo ‘Ganesh’ and ‘Vasanth’.
- Sujatha has played a crucial role as a playwright for various Tamil movies which have fascinated movie lovers. Hence, it is fathomable that the writer’s perspective of future India enthuses every reader and paves a new way to reading sci-fi stories in English.
A. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two.
- How was Jeeno different from other robots?
- What precaution should one take while writing Science fiction stories?
- What inspired Sujatha’s themes?
- Why were Sujatha’s sci-fi stories impressive?
B. Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following.
- difficult to believe (para 1)
- a style or category of art, music or literature (para 2)
- having many sides (para 4)
- capable of being understood (para 5)
