मराठी
Maharashtra State BoardSSC (English Medium) 10th Standard
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अभ्यासक्रम

Indian Traditions of Performing Arts

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Notes

Indian Music:

  • The earliest tradition of Indian music may be traced to Sama Veda which contained the slokas that were put to music.
  • The earliest treatise on music, drama, and dance is Bharata’s Natyashastra
  • The seven swars of music – Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni represent different scriptural deities: SA – Agni, RE – Brahma, GA – Saraswati, MA – Shiva, PA – Vishnu, DHA – Ganesha, NI – Surya

A. Indian Classical Music:

The origins of Indian classical music can be traced back to the recital of Vedic hymns in Hindu temples. Indian classical music during the Middle Ages was mostly centered on two traditions: the popular Hindustani classical music of North India and the Carnatic music of South India.

  Hindustani Music Carnatic Music
1. Its origins can be traced back to North India. Foreign traditions influenced it. Its origins can be traced back to South India. There is no such foreign influence.

2.

 There is no strict adherence to raga, tala, and Sruti unity as in Carnatic music. Every piece contains unity of raga, tala, and Sruti. 
3.  There is no strong emphasis on Kriti.  There is a strong emphasis on Kriti.
4. More importance was given to vocal than instruments.  Equal importance was given to vocal as well as instruments. 
5. Prevalence of a significant number of gharanas No such prevalence of gharanas
6. Note by note raga development Phrase by phrase raga development
7. Different styles of Hindustani music: Dhrupad, Dhamar, Thumri, Khayal and Tappa. Different composition of Hindustani music: Gitam, Suladi, Svarajati, Jatisvaram, Varnam, Kritanam, Kriti, Pada, Javali, Tillana, Pallavi, Tanam. 
8.

Hindustani musical instruments: Sitar, sarod, santoor and sarangi, Pakhawaj, tabla, and Mridangam

Carnatic musical instruments: Flute, veena, nadaswaram, mridangam, ghatam.

Folk Music 

  • Folk music, as opposed to established classical music, is the music of the common people.
  • It gets its name from the German word volk, which means 'people.'
  • Folk songs can include unique messages or meanings. They frequently talk about significant ceremonies and historical occurrences.
  • They may be festivals, the advent of a new season, marriage, or the birth of a child.
  • The forms of folk song in different provinces like:
    State Folk songs
    Rajasthani  Maand
    Bengal Bauls, Bhatiali
    Haryana Ragini
    Kashmir Gulraj
    Madhya Pradesh Pandavani
    Maharashtra Powada, Keertan, Jagar, Gondhal

Notes

Indian Dance:

1. Folk dances:

  • A folk dance is a dance created by people that depicts the lives of ordinary people in a specific country or region.
  • Various folk dances can be found throughout India, encompassing the length and breadth of the country.

Various folk dance forms in Maharashtra:

1. Lavani:

  • Lavani is derived from the word Lavanya, which means 'beauty.'
  • This form is a combination of dance and music that deals with a wide range of topics such as society, religion, politics, romance, and so on.
  • Lavani is a traditional song and dance performed to the beat of the dholki drum.

Lavani Dance Form

2. Koli: 

  • Koli is the Maharashtra dance form of the Koli fisher folk.
  • The community has a distinct identity as well as lively dances.
  • The dance incorporates elements associated with this community, such as the wave movements and the net casting movement as if catching fish.
  • Koli is performed in this state by women and men, who divide themselves into two groups.
  • They depict the boat rowing movement in the Koli dance.

Koli Dance Form

3. Tarpa Dance:

  • 'Tarpa' is amongst the most attractive dance forms of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, especially at Silvassa.
  • It is done by the men and women, at night, during the month of September, on Diwali, during the harvest season.
  • The musical instrument called Tarpa is utilized in this dance form, which is made from palm leaves, bamboo, and gourd.

Tarpa Dance Form

2. Indian classical dance: 

  • Excavations, inscriptions, chronicles, genealogies of kings and artists, literary sources, sculptures, and paintings from various periods provide extensive evidence of dance in India. 
  • Classical dance forms of India, also known as Shastriya Nritya, come from the words, Shastriya meaning classical and Nritya meaning the act of dancing.
  • Contemporary classical dance forms evolved from musical plays or sangeet-nataka, which were performed from the 12th to the 19th century.
  • Tandava (movement and rhythm) and Lasya (grace, bhava & rasa) are the two fundamental aspects of Indian classical dance. 
  • A beautiful blend of all three forms of music, vocal, instrumental, and dance can be seen in various Indian classical dance forms like ‘Kathak of north India, ‘Odissi’ of Odisha, ‘Bharatnatyam’ of Tamilnadu, Kuchipudi of Andhra and ‘Kathakali’ and ‘Mohiniattam’ of Kerala.

Various classical dance forms in India:

1. Bharatanatyam:
  • State: Tamilnadu 
  • Bharatanatyam has evolved into a significant component of temple rites.
 Bharatanatyam

2. Kathak:

  • State: U.P., Rajasthan 
  • Krishna leela and the stories related to Lord Shiva was the theme of Kathak.
  • Kathak dance form was promoted by the Muslim rulers in the medieval period.

Kathak

3. Kathakali:

  • State: Kerala 
  • Ramayana and Mahabharata tales are told in Yakshagana, a type of Kathakali.

Kathakali

4. Odissi:

  • State: Orissa 
  • Odissi performances are connected to Lord Jagannath worship. 

Odissi

5. Kuchipudi:

  • State: Andhra Pradesh 
  • A Kuchipudi performance begins much like a religious act, with water sprinkling, lighting incense, and invoking god’s blessings.

Kuchipudi

6. Manipuri 

  • State: Manipur
  • Performance Manipuri is mostly related to the stories of Krishna and his Leela (exploits).
  • Manipuri dance was also performed for religious purposes.

Manipuri 

7. Mohiniyattam:

  • State: Kerala 
  • Mohiniattam developed as an important aspect of the rituals in temples.

Mohiniyattam

8. Sattriya:

  • State: Assam
  •  Introduced in the 15th century A.D
  • Mahapurusha Sankaradeva, an eminent Vaishnava saint and Assamese reformer served as a potent vehicle for the spread of the Vaishnava faith.

Sattriya

Notes

Indian Traditions of Performing Arts: 

  • “Art is an expression of all characteristics of the human mind aesthetically”.
  • These qualities - The varied human emotions are referred to as "RAS." Ras literally translates to sweet juice in Hindi. It signifies the ultimate satisfaction of ‘aanand’. Human emotions can be categorized into nine sub-headings or ‘navras’. As follows:
    1. Hasya - Laughter
    2. Bhayanak - Evil Shringar 
    3. Rudra - chivalrous
    4. Karun - pathos
    5. Veer - courage
    6. Adbhut - astonishing
    7. Vibhatsa - terrifying glory
    8.  Shaanti - peace
    9. Shringaar - decorating one’s self
  • Human emotion is reflected in art, and people use a variety of artistic mediums to spontaneously communicate their feeling.
  • Thus, Art is created as a result of this fusion of intellectual and creative minds.
  • Acting, singing, and dancing is examples of performing arts.
  • The performing arts were a crucial part of mass education from the Vedic era through the Middle Ages with music and dance being introduced to gain popularity. For instance, Even the pitch and the accent of singing different hymns have been prescribed in the Vedic era.
  • Presently, these art forms have become means of entertainment for people all over the world.

Importance of Performing Arts: 

  • It aids in the development of a person's overall personality.
  • It fosters acceptance and love for all.
  • It promotes cultural and traditional awareness among current and future generations.
  • It makes a person self-assured and adaptable.
  • Negative feelings vanish as the soul of music, dance and drama teach us all about loving and caring.

Notes

Indian Theatre:

  • Theatre is a fantastic style of story-telling in which one or more actors use their talents for dancing, acting, singing, talking, miming, and theatre crafts like masks, make-up, and costumes to bring to life a fictional world for the audience.
  • Theatrical productions are deeply rooted in the national culture and local identity of our nation.

A. Indian Classical Drama:

  • Both indigenous tradition and contemporary research can be used to pinpoint the Vedas as the source of Indian theatre.
  • Bharata wrote "Natyashastra" and the dramas "Asura Parajaya" and "Amrit Manthan". One of the most influential books on theatre and other performing arts is the Natyashastra.
  • Bharata mentions conversations, themes, stage, music, dance, nat (male artists), nati (female artists), music instruments, and music. As a result, we might conclude that drama peaked during the Bharata era.
  • The performers, the music, the stage, and the rasa are all mentioned in Patanjali's Mahabhasya from the second century B.C. during performances known as "Kamsavadha" and "Balibandha".
  • During the age of the Buddha and Mahavira, drama was a means of communicating the principles of their respective religions.

Languages based examples of Indian Classical Drama:

1. Sanskrit Classical Drama:

  • Sanskrit drama is defined by the works of dramatists such as Sudraka, Bhasa, Bhavbhuti, Harsha, and Kalidasa to name a few.
  • The era of the great Bhasa, whose masterpiece was "Swapana Vasabdatta", a play based on the stories of Udayana, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata. Bhasa was another celebrated dramatist who wrote thirteen plays.
  • Kautilya's Arthashastra "Vatsyayan’s Kamasutra" mentions musicians, dancers, and dramatic shows.
  • Kalidasa’s "Abhijnan Shakuntalam" was written in Sanskrit and was a significant play of those times.

2. Prakrit Classical Drama:

  • Prakrit plays became popular by the tenth century AD.
  • Vidyapati introduced Hindi and other regional languages in the form of songs. "Umapati Mishra" and "Sharada Tanaya" were also instrumental in promoting drama during the 14th Century AD.

B. Indian Folk Theatre:

  • In India, folk theatre is a synthesis of elements from music, dance, pantomime, versification, epic and ballad recitation, graphic and plastic arts, religion, and festival peasantry.
  • The folk theatre, which has its roots in native culture, is deeply ingrained in local identity and social values.
  • Local dialect was used in folk theatre.

Example of Folk theatre in Maharashtra 

1. Tamasha:

  • Traditional folk theatre of Maharashtra.
  • The female actress is the chief exponent of dance movements in the play.
  • The show opens with a song in honour of Lord Ganesha, sometimes referred to as Gana. The presentation of Gavalan follows. The Vag is introduced in the second chapter of Tamasha.

    Tamasha Performance

2. Dashavatar:

  • Dashavatara is part of the folk theatre in Maharashtra with an eight-hundred-year history.
  • The ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu, the Hindu god of preservation, are referred to as dashavatars. Matsya (a fish), Kurma (a tortoise), Varaha (a boar), Narasimha (a lion-man), Vaman (a dwarf), Parashuram, Ram, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki are the 10 incarnations. 
  • Dashavatara shows are presented in the regions of Konkan and Goa after the harvesting season is over. 

    Dashavatara Theatre - Varaha Avatar

Notes

Present Scenario of the Performing Arts:

  • In India, various music and dance festivals have been organized since independence in an effort to make them more accessible to the general public. Indians and foreigners alike attend these celebrations in large numbers. A well-known festival is "Savai Gandharva" in Pune. 
  • Recently, there has been a tendency to experiment and combine different musical genres in an effort to overcome the constraints imposed by a traditional style or school. Among these performers who invented a new style, Pandit Uday Shankar is a well-known name. He successfully combined European opera with Indian classical dance. He also included numerous folk dancing genres in his approach. As a result, it appears that the scope of Indian performing arts presentations is always growing. In the world of Indian visual arts, the same phenomena are evident. 

Text

Do you know? 

Kitab-e-Nauras by Ibraheem Aadil Shah Sani | Rekhta

Kitab-e-Navras
  • A book titled "Kitab-e-Navras" was written in Dakhani Urdu by Ibrahim Adilshah II, the ruler of Bijapur.
  • This text discusses classical music from India. It enables the listener to delight in outstanding poetry and includes verses performed in the Dhrupad style.
  • Dr. Sayyad Yahya Nashit initially translated this work into Marathi. The editor of it is Dr. Arun Prabhune. The translation of the verse printed on the cover of this text reads as follows: 
    ‘‘Oh, Mother Saraswati, you are the divine light in the world and you are complete with all qualities. If Ibrahim receives your grace (blessings), the poetry of the navras will become eternal.’’
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10

Key Points: Indian Traditions of Performing Arts

  • India has rich regional traditions of folk performing arts linked with festivals and daily life.
  • Maharashtra has folk arts like Koli dance, Powada, Keertan, Dashavatar, and Gondhal.
  • Classical performing arts are based on the Natyashastra and the concept of the nine rasas.
  • Indian classical music has two main traditions: Hindustani and Carnatic, with classical and semi-classical forms.
  • Indian performing arts continue to grow through festivals, cultural exchange, and fusion experiments.
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