Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Electrophilic Substitution Reactions

In an electrophilic substitution reaction of nitrobenzene, the presence of nitro group:

(i) Deactivates the ring by inductive effect.

(ii) Activates the ring by inductive effect.

(iii) Decreases the charge density at ortho and para position of the ring relative to meta position by resonance.

(iv) Increases the charge density at meta position relative to the ortho and para positions of the ring by resonance.

Assertion (A): Nitration of benzene with nitric acid requires the use of concentrated sulphuric acid.

Reason (R): The mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid produces the electrophile, \[\ce{NO^{+}2}\].

Why does presence of a nitro group make the benzene ring less reactive in comparison to the unsubstituted benzene ring. Explain.

Why do alkenes prefer to undergo electrophilic addition reaction while arenes prefer electrophilic substitution reactions? Explain.

hydrocarbon (X) major product X is:

Benzene on nitration gives nitrobenzene in presence of HNO₃ and H₂SO₄ mixture, where ______.

Which of the following would not give 2-phenylbutane as the major product in a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction?

Suggest the name of a Lewis acid other than anhydrous aluminium chloride which can be used during ethylation of benzene.