Economics Commerce (English Medium) Class 11 CBSE Syllabus 2026-27

• Statistics and Economics
• Statistics and Firms
• Statistics and Commerce
• Statistics and Education
• Statistics and Planning
• Statistics and Medicine
• Statistics and Modern applications

• Statistics is not suitable to the study of qualitative phenomenon
• Statistical laws are not exact
• Statistics table may be misused:
• Statistics is only one of the methods of studying a problem

• Personal Observations
• Interview
• Questionnaire/Schedule
• Other Methods

• Published Sources
• Unpublished Sources

• Basic concepts of sampling 

1. Lottery method
2. Table of Random number

• Sampling and Non-Sampling Errors
• Sampling distribution 
• Computing standard error in simple cases

• Census of India
• National Sample Survey Organisation

• bar diagrams and
• pie diagrams

• histogram
• polygon
• ogive

• time series graph

• Introduction
• Measures

• Individual Series
• Discrete Series
• Continuous Series

• Range
• Quartile deviation
• Mean or average deviation
• Standard deviation

• co-efficient of range
• co-efficient of quartile-deviation
• co-efficient of mean deviation
• co-efficient of variation

• Construction of the Lorenz curve
• Studying the Lorenz Curve

• Positive Correlation
• Negative Correlation
• Simple Correlation
• Partial Correlation
• Multiple Correlation
• Linear Correlation
• Non Linear Correlation

• Preparation of Instrument
• Mode of Data Collection

1. Personal Interviews
2. Mailing Questionnaire
3. Telephone Interviews

• Pilot Survey

• Census or Complete Enumeration
• Population and Sample
• Random Sampling
• Non-Random Sampling

• Sampling Errors
• Non-Sampling Errors

1. Sampling Bias
2. Non-Response Errors
3. Errors in Data Acquisition

• Chronological Classification
• Spatial Classification
• Qualitative Classification

• How to prepare a Frequency Distribution?
• Should we have equal or unequal-sized class intervals?
• How many classes should we have?
• What should be the size of each class?
• How should we determine the class limits?
• Types of Class Intervals

1. Inclusive class intervals
2. Exclusive class intervals

• Adjustment in Class Interval
• How should we get the frequency for each class?
• Finding class frequency by tally marking
• Loss of Information
• Frequency distribution with unequal classes
• Frequency array

• Classification used in tabulation

1. Qualitative classification
2. Quantitative classification
3. Temporal classification
4. Spatial classification

• Table Number
• Title
• Captions or Column Headings
• Stubs or Row Headings
• Body of the Table
• Unit of Measurement
• Source
• Note

• Geometric Diagram

1. Bar Diagram - Simple Bar Diagram, Multiple Bar Diagram, and Component Bar Diagram.
2. Pie Diagram

• Frequency Diagram

1. Histogram
2. Frequency Polygon
3. Frequency Curve
4. Ogive

• Arithmetic line graph

• Introduction
• Measures

• Range
• Quartile Deviation

• Mean Deviation
• Calculation of Mean Deviation from Arithmetic Mean for ungrouped data
• Mean Deviation from median for ungrouped data
• Mean Deviation from Mean for Continuous Distribution
• Mean Deviation from Median
• Standard Deviation
• Calculation of Standard Deviation for ungrouped data

1. Actual Mean Method
2. Assumed Mean Method
3. Direct Method
4. Step-Deviation Method

• Standard Deviation in Continuous frequency distribution

1. Actual Mean Method
2. Assumed Mean Method
3. Step-Deviation Method

• Construction of the Lorenz curve
• Studying the Lorenz Curve

• What Does Correlation Measure?
• Types of Correlation

1. Negative
2. Positive

• Scatter Diagram
• Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation
• Properties of Correlation Coefficient
• Spearman’s rank correlation
• Calculation of Rank Correlation Coefficient

• Steps Involved  

• Consumer price index
• Consumer Price Index Number
• Wholesale Price Index
• Index of Industrial production
• Human Development Index
• Sensex

• Steps Towards Making a Project

1. Identifying a problem or an area of study
2. Choice of Target Group
3. Collection of Data
4. Organisation and Presentation of Data
5. Analysis and Interpretation
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography

• Introduction
• Evaluation of Trade System
• Features
• Types of Trade
• Key Point Summary

• Meaning and Types of Infrastructure
• Conclusion

• Introduction
• Core Goals of Five-Year Plans
• Plan-wise Overview (1951-2017)
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Agricultural Seasons
• Agricultural Work
• Traditional Agriculture
• Land Reforms and Structural Changes in Agriculture
• Green Revolution and Agricultural Self-Sufficiency
• Subsidies and Support for Farmers
• Employment Trends and Sectoral Imbalance

• Public and Private Sectors in Indian Industrial Development
• Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 (IPR 1956)
• Small-Scale Industry (SSI)

• Effect of Policies on Industrial Development
• Conclusion

• Introduction
• Core Goals of Five-Year Plans
• Plan-wise Overview (1951-2017)
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Public and Private Sectors in Indian Industrial Development
• Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 (IPR 1956)
• Small-Scale Industry (SSI)

• Introduction
• Evaluation of Trade System
• Features
• Types of Trade
• Key Point Summary

• liberalisation
• globalisation
• privatisation

• Introduction
• Absolute Poverty
• Relative Poverty
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Poverty Alleviation Programs
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Credit
• Rural Banking - a Critical Appraisal

• Animal Husbandry
• Fisheries
• Horticulture
• Other Alternate Livelihood Options

• Growth in Government Expenditure on Education
• Educational Achievements in India

• Formal and informal Sector

• Introduction
• Causes of Unemployment in India
• Impacts
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Growth
• population
• sectoral development 
• other developmental indicators

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
• Foreign Institutional Investment (FII),
• Growth and Employment
• Reforms in Agriculture
• Reforms in Industry
• Disinvestment
• Reforms and Fiscal Policies
• Conclusion

• Introduction
• Cycle of Poverty
• Historical Background
• Meaning of Poverty
• Key Point Summary

• Absolute and Relative Poverty

• Categorising Poverty

• always poor
• usually poor
• chronic poor
• churning poor
• occasionally poor
• transient poor
• non-poor

• The Poverty Line

• Flowchart
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Introduction
• Meaning

• Growth in Government Expenditure on Education
• Educational Achievements in India

• Education for All - Still a Distant Dream
• Gender Equity - Better than Before
• Higher Education - a Few Takers
• Conclusion

• Introduction
• Features
• NABARD's Funding Process
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Credit
• Rural Banking - a Critical Appraisal

• Emerging Alternate Marketing Channels
• Government Initiatives and Challenges in Agricultural Marketing

• Animal Husbandry
• Fisheries
• Horticulture
• Other Alternate Livelihood Options

• Benefits of Organic Farming
• Conclusion

• Introduction
• Trends in Employment Pattern (Sector-wise and Status-wise)

• Introduction
• Causes of Unemployment in India
• Impacts
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Conclusion

• Sources of Energy
• Non-conventional Sources of Energy
• Consumption Pattern of Commercial Energy
• Power/Electricity
• Some Challenges in the Power Sector
• Kinetic energy
• Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
• Relation between Momentum and Kinetic Energy
• Potential Energy
• Potential energy near the surface of the Earth
• Elastic Potential Energy
• Conservative and non-conservative forces
• Law of conservation of energy
• Motion in a vertical circle

• State of Health Infrastructure
• Private Sector Health Infrastructure
• Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM)
• Indicators of Health and Health Infrastructure - A Critical Appraisal
• Urban-Rural and Poor-Rich Divide
• Women’s Health
• Health: Problems and Policies - A critical assessment

• Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming

• Chipko or Appiko — What’s in a Name?
• Major Causes of Land Degradation
• Urban Air Pollution and Industrial Impact
• The Need for Sustainable Development

• Strategies 
• Conclusion

• China
• Pakistan

• Introduction
• Tabular Representation

• Annual Growth of Gross Domestic Product, 1980–2017
• Sectoral Share of Employment and GDP (%) in 2021
• Trends in Output Growth in Different Sectors, 1980–2015

• Other Human Development Indicators

• Conclusion

• What is produced and in what quantities?
• How are these goods produced?
• For whom are these goods produced?

• Introduction
• Example

• Meaning of Consumer's Equilibrium

• Introduction
• Definition: Utility
• Features
• Types: Flowchart
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• budget set
• budget line
• Changes in the Budget Set

• indifference curve
• indifference curve

• Introduction
• Key Concepts 
• Consumer Equilibrium
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Introduction: Ordinal Utility
• Definition: Indifference Curve Analysis
• Origin
• Indifference Schedule
• Indifference Curve
• Indifference Map
• Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS)
• Assumptions
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Major Determinants of Demand
• Types of Goods and Income Effect
• Relation between Income and Demand
• Relation between Price and Demand for Related Goods
• Key Point Summary

• Introduction
• Types of Demand Schedules
• Key Point Summary

• Introduction
• Demand Schedule to Demand Curve
• Application
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Introduction
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Introduction
• Definition: Elasticity of Demand
• Elasticity Types
• Key Points: Concept of Elasticity of Demand

• Introduction
• Definition: Income Elasticity
• Formula: Income Elasticity of Demand
• Example
• Types of Income Elasticity of Demand
• Importance
• Real-Life Application
• Key Points: Income Elasticity

• Introduction
• Flowchart

• Total Expenditure Method
• Example: Total Expenditure Method
• Proportionate (Percentage) Method
• Example Table: Proportionate (Percentage) Method
• Point Elasticity Method
• Elasticity at Different Points
• Arc Elasticity Demand
• Example: Arc Elasticity Method
• Revenue Method
• Example: Revenue Method
• Real-Life Applications
• Key Points: Methods of Measuring Price Elasticity of Demand

• Meaning of Production Function
• Algebraic form of production function
• Important Points
• Short-run and Long-run (time concepts)
• Types of Production Functions
• Table: Short run vs Long run
• Table: Returns to a factor vs Returns to scale
• Economist's Corner: Tjalling Koopmans
• Key Points: Production Function

• Introduction
• Concept of Production
• Scientific Definitions: Production
• Real-Life Application
• Key Points: Basics of Production Theory

• Introduction
• Key Concepts
• Table Showing Production
• Real-Life Application
• Key Points: Variation of Output in the Short-Run Returns to a Factor

• Meaning
• Definition: Law of Variable Proportions
• Statement of the Law of Variable Proportions
• Assumptions
• Important Terms
• Table: Example (Applied to Agriculture)
• Stages of the Law
• Real-Life Application
• Key Points: Law of Variable Proportions

• Returns to a Factor
• Definitions: Law of Returns to Scale
• Returns to Scale
• Table: Stages of Returns to Scale
• Types of Returns to Scale
• Returns to a Factor vs Returns to Scale
• Law of Variable Proportions

• Concept and Importance
• Types of Cost Functions
• Fixed vs. Variable Costs
• Real-Life Application
• Key Points: Behaviour of Cost in the Short - Run

• Meaning of a producer
• Meaning of producer's equilibrium
• Conditions of producer's equilibrium
• Producer's equilibrium
• Key Points: Producer's Equilibrium

• Introduction
• Definition: Law of Supply
• Main Points
• Supply Schedule
• Statement of the Law of Supply
• Supply Curve
• Assumptions 
• Exceptions 
• Real-Life Application
• Key Points: Law of Supply

• Introduction
• Main Determinants of Supply
• Supply Function
• Determinants of Elasticity of Supply
• Importance of Elasticity of Supply
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Supply Curve
• Movement Along Supply Curve
• Shift of the Supply Curve
• Factors Causing Shift in Supply Curve
• Table: Expansion vs Increase in Supply
• Table: Contraction of Supply vs. Decrease in Supply
• Reasons Behind the Shift in Supply Curve
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

• Introduction
• Percentage Method
• Problem 1
• Problem 2
• Problem 3
• Problem 4
• Problem 5
• Problem 6
• Problem 7
• Problem 8
• Geometric Method
• Time Period and Elasticity
• Real-Life Application

• Flowchart

Shapes of Total Product, Marginal Product and Average Product Curves

• Introduction
• Definition: Long Run
• Definition: Long Run Total Cost
• Long Run Total Cost
• Definition: Long Run Average Cost
• Long Run Average Cost
• Names for LAC
• Relationship: LAC and SAC
• Definition: Long Run Marginal Cost
• Long Run Marginal Cost
• Relation Between LMC and LAC
• Key Points: Costs in Long Run Period

• Effects of Demand Shifts (Supply Constant)
• Effects of Supply Shifts (Demand Constant)
• Combined Effects
• Stepwise Clarity
• Real-Life Application
• Key Points: Effect of Simultaneous change in Demand and Supply on Equilibrium Price

• Introduction
• Definition: Imperfect Competition
• Economist's contribution
• Conditions leading to imperfect competition
• Real-Life Application
• Key Points: Imperfect Competition

• Broad classification of market structure
• Main market forms
• Key Points: Classification of Market Structure

• Price Control
• Price Ceiling (Maximum Price)
• Price Floor (Minimum Price)
• Implications of Price Ceiling Policy
• Effects of Minimum Price (Price Floor)
• Key Points: Applications of Tools of Demand and Supply Price Control

• Maximum and Minimum

• Meaning of Revenue
• Total Revenue (TR) 
• Average Revenue (AR) 
• Marginal Revenue (MR)
• Behaviour under different market structures

• Introduction: Profit-maximisation objective
• Definition of Profit
• Normal profit and pure (economic) profit
• Role of profit in resource allocation
• Equilibrium of the firm and profit maximisation rules
• Economist note: Maurice Allais
• Real-Life Application
• Key Points: Profit Maximisation Objective

Determinants of a Firm’s Supply Curve

• Technological Progress
• Input Prices

• Price Elasticity of Supply
• Definition: Elasticity of Supply
• Meaning of Elasticity of Supply
• Formula: Elasticity of Supply
• Types of Supply Elasticity
• Distinction Between Contraction of Supply and Decrease in Supply
• Real-Life Application
• Key Point Summary

Simple Monopoly in the Commodity Market

• Market Demand Curve is the Average Revenue Curve
• Total, Average and Marginal Revenues
• Marginal Revenue and Price Elasticity of Demand
• Short Run Equilibrium of the Monopoly Firm

Other Non-perfectly Competitive Markets

• Monopolistic Competition
• How do Firms behave in Oligopoly?