Topics
Population : Part - 1
- Distribution of Population in India
- Population Distribution in the World
- Factors Influencing the Distribution of the Population
- Geographical Factors Affecting Population Distribution - Physical Factors
- Geographical Factors Affecting Population Distribution - Human Factors
- Components of Population Change
- Trends in Population Growth
- Overview of Population : Part - 1
Population : Part - 2
- Population Composition
- Migration
- Reasons for Migration
- Impact of Migration on Population
- Overview of Population : Part - 2
Human Settlements and Land Use
- Human Settlements
- Types of Settlement
- Types of Urban Settlements
- Land Use
- Land Use Classification
- Land Use in Rural Area
- Land Use in Urban Areas
- Rural-urban Fringe
- Suburbs
- Overview of Human Settlements and Land Use
Primary Economic Activities
- Primary Occupations
- Hunting
- Gathering
- Lumbering
- Fishing
- Mining
- Agriculture
- Overview of Primary Economic Activities
Secondary Economic Activities
- Introduction to Secondary Activities
- Physical Factors Affecting Secondary Economic Activities
- Economic Factors Affecting Secondary Economic Activities
- Political Factors Affecting Secondary Economic Activities
- Other Factors Affecting Secondary Economic Activities
- Footloose Industries
- Major Industrial Regions
- Major Industrial Regions
- Classification of Industries
- Overview of Secondary Economic Activities
Tertiary Economic Activities
- Classification of Tertiary Economic Activities
- Transport
- Concept of Trade
- Importance of Transport in Trade
- Tourism
- Communication
- Overview of Tertiary Economic Activities
Region and Regional Development
- Regions
- Types of Regions
- Regional Development
- Factors Affecting Regional Development
- Physical Factors and Regional Development
- Population and Regional Development
- Land Use and Regional Development
- Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Economic Activities and Regional Development
- Regional Imbalance
- Causes of Regional Imbalances in India
- Strategies to Reduce Regional Imbalance
- Overview of Region and Regional Development
Geography : Nature and Scope
- Nature of Geography as a Discipline
- Scope of Geography
- Latest Trends in Geography
- Overview of Geography : Nature and Scope
Estimated time: 17 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Maharashtra State Board: Class 5
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education: Class 10
National Testing Agency: Class 12
Maharashtra State Board: Class 5
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education: Class 10
National Testing Agency: Class 12
Meaning
Agriculture is the process of producing food for people, fodder for cattle, fiber and many other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock).
Maharashtra State Board: Class 5
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education: Class 10
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education: Class 10
Determinants of Agriculture
- Physical factors - climate, relief, soil type.
- Institutional factors - land tenure/ownership systems.
- Infrastructural factors - availability of irrigation, storage, markets.
- Technological factors - use of HYV seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, greenhouses, polyhouses.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Types of Agriculture
| Type | Key Feature |
|---|---|
| Subsistence | Farming primarily for self-consumption |
| Shifting | Land is cleared and used for a few seasons, then abandoned |
| Intensive | High input and output per unit of land |
| Extensive | Large land area with relatively lower inputs |
| Plantation | Large-scale, single-crop commercial farming |
| Horticulture | Cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants |
| Market Gardening | Farming specifically oriented toward supplying urban markets |
CBSE: Class 12
Land Reforms
- Land ceiling — legal upper limit on the amount of land one person/family can own.
- Aimed at redistributing surplus land to landless farmers.
CBSE: Class 12
Green Revolution
- Involved adoption of HYV (High Yielding Variety) seeds.
- Supported by use of fertilizers and insecticides.
- Increased marketed surplus (portion of produce sold in the market).
- Associated with subsidies on agricultural inputs.
CBSE: Class 12
Marketed Surplus
- The portion of agricultural produce that a farmer sells in the market (beyond self-consumption).
- Influenced by the scale of production and access to markets.
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education: Class 12
Agriculture in Tamil Nadu
- The state has distinct agro-climatic zones.
- Has specific crop patterns suited to regional conditions.
- Ranks among the leading states in certain crop production categories.
- Declining net sown area is a noted trend.
- Shift from rural to urban economic activity is observed.
CBSE: Class 12
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education: Class 12
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education: Class 12
Key Trends
- Declining net sown area in India over time.
- Growing use of technology: greenhouses and polyhouses for controlled farming.
- Agricultural subsidies remain a debated policy issue.
- Rural-to-urban economic shift affecting agricultural workforce.
CBSE: Class 12
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education: Class 10, 12
National Testing Agency: Class 12
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education: Class 10, 12
National Testing Agency: Class 12
Key Points: Agriculture
- Agriculture depends on physical, institutional, infrastructural, and technological factors.
- Farming includes subsistence, plantation, and market gardening, based on local conditions.
- Land reforms aimed to reduce unequal land ownership.
- The Green Revolution increased crop production using HYV seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides.
- Agricultural subsidies support farmers but remain debated.
- Tamil Nadu has different agro-climatic zones with specific crops and a declining net sown area.
- Across India, urbanization has reduced the net sown area as the economy shifts away from agriculture.
Related QuestionsVIEW ALL [74]
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
| Agriculture provides livelihood to almost three - a fourth of the population of India. Indian agriculture is highly dependent on the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall. Climate extremes such as drought and flood affect agriculture severely. An account of the impact of climate extreme viz. drought and flood, on Indian food-grain production, has been presented in this chapter. There are temporal fluctuations in food grain production and the area under the food grain. In secular terms, both of them increased up to the mid-eighties. After the mid-eighties, there is a decline in the area of food grain while maintaining an increase in production of food grain suggesting the improvement in agricultural technology and policy. There is more temporal fluctuation in the production of food grain than the area under food grain. The analysis reveals that the impact of drought on Indian agriculture is more than that of the flood. Rabi food grain production depicts better adaptability to drought than Kharif food grain production mostly due to better access to irrigation infrastructure. Among the various food, crops analyzed all except jowar can effectively face flood events. Wheat and jowar perform relatively better during drought events. Rice is the most sensitive crop to extreme climate events. Since rice is the staple food in the sub-continent, management of rice production against climate extremes needs special attention for food security and sustainability. |
Statement 1: Till the mid-eighties in secular terms, there was an increase in the production of food grain and the area under the food-grain.
Statement 2: After the mid-eighties, the area under food grain increased.
