P - Block Group 16 Elements - Classification of Oxides

Solid State

• Solid State
• Types of Solids
• Classification of Crystalline Solids
• Crystal Structure
• Cubic System
• Packing of Particles in Crystal Lattice
• Packing Efficiency
• Crystal Defects or Imperfections
• Electrical Properties of Solids
• Magnetic Properties of Solids

Solid State

• Introduction to Solid State
• Classification of Crystalline Solids
• Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
• Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
• Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
• Close Packed Structures of Solids
• Efficiency of Packing in Body-centred Cubic Structures
• Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled
• Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
• Imperfections in Solids - Introduction
• Magnetic Properties
• Band Theory of Metals
• Electrical Properties - Introduction
• Applications of n-type and p-type Semiconductors

Solutions and Colligative Properties

• Types of Solutions
• Expressing Concentration of Solutions
• Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
• Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
• Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Introduction
• Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
• Depression of Freezing Point
• Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
• Abnormal Molar Masses
• Elevation of Boiling Point

Solutions

• Solutions
• Types of Solutions
• Capacity of Solution to Dissolve Solute
• Solubility
• Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Liquids in Liquids
• Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
• Vapour Pressure Lowering
• Boiling Point Elevation
• Depression in Freezing Point
• Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
• Colligative Properties of Electrolytes

Ionic Equilibria

• Ionic Equilibria
• Types of Electrolyte
• Acids and Bases
• Ionisation of Acids and Bases
• Autoionization of Water
• The pH Scale
• Hydrolysis of Salts
• Buffer Solutions
• Solubility product
• Common Ion Effect

Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

• Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
• Concepts of System
• Types of Systems
• Surroundings
• Work, Heat, Energy, Extensive and Intensive Properties
• State Functions
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Internal Energy and Enthalpy
• Hess’ Law of Constant Heat Summation
• Enthalpy of Bond Dissociation
• Combustion, Formation, Atomization, Sublimation
• Phase Transition
• Ionization and Solution
• Dilution Introduction of Entropy as a State Function
• Free Energy Change for Spontaneous and Non Spontaneous Processes
• Equilibrium Constant
• Second and Third Law of Thermodynamics

Electrochemistry

• Electrochemical Cells
• Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction
• Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
• Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction
• Primary Batteries
• Lead Accumulator
• Galvanic or Voltaic Cells - Introduction
• Nernst Equation - Introduction
• Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell
• fuel cell
• Factors Affecting Corrosion
• Redox Reaction

Chemical Thermodynamics

• Chemical Thermodynamics
• Terms Used in Thermodynamics
• Nature of Heat and Work
• Expression for Pressure-volume (PV) Work
• Concept of Maximum Work
• Internal Energy (U)
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Enthalpy (H)
• Enthalpies of Physical Transformations
• Thermochemistry
• Spontaneous (Irreversible) Process

Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a Chemical Reaction
• Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction
• Half Life Period of a Reaction
• Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
• Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction

Electrochemistry

• Electrochemistry
• Electric Conduction
• Electrical Conductance of Solution
• Electrochemical Cells
• Electrolytic Cell
• Galvanic or Voltaic Cell
• Electrode Potential and Cell Potential
• Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells
• Reference Electrodes
• Galvanic Cells Useful in Day-to-day Life
• Fuel Cells
• Electrochemical Series (Electromotive Series)

Chemical Kinetics

• Chemical Kinetics
• Rate of Reactions
• Rate of Reaction and Reactant Concentration
• Molecularity of Elementary Reactions
• Integrated Rate Equations
• First Order Reactions
• Zero Order Reactions
• Half Life Period of a Reaction
• Pseudo First Order Reaction
• Integrated Rate Law for Gas Phase f Reactions
• Collision Theory of Bimolecular Reactions
• Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates
• Effect of a Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

• Principles and Methods of Extraction - Concentration
• Oxidation Reduction
• Refining of Crude Metals
• Occurrence of Metals
• Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
• Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy

Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18

• Occurrence of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
• Electronic Configuration of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
• Atomic and Physical Properties of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18
• Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen
• Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine
• Chemical Properties of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18
• Oxoacids
• Oxygen and Compounds of Oxygen
• Chlorine
• Concept of Group 18 Elements

P-block Elements

D and F Block Elements

Transition and Inner Transition Elements

• Transition and Inner Transition Elements
• Position in the Periodic Table of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
• Electronic Configuration of Transition and Inner Transition Elements
• Oxidation States of First Transition Series
• Physical Properties of First Transition Series
• Trends in Atomic Properties of the First Transition Series
• Preparation of Potassium Permanganate
• Chemical Properties of KMnO4
• Uses of KMnO4
• K2Cr2O7: Preparation of Potassium Dichromate
• Chemical Properties of K2Cr2O7
• Common Properties of d Block Elements
• Extraction of Metals
• Inner Transition (f-block) Elements: Lanthanoids and Actinoids
• Properties of f-block Elements
• Properties of Lanthanoids
• Applications of Lanthanoids
• The Actinoids
• Properties of Actinoids
• Applications of Actinoids
• Postactinoid Elements

Coordination Compounds

• Coordination Compounds
• Types of Ligands
• Terms Used in Coordination Chemistry
• Classification of Complexes
• IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
• Effective Atomic Number (EAN) Rule
• Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
• Stability of the Coordination Compounds
• Theories of Bonding in Complexes
• Applications of Coordination Compounds

Coordination Compounds

• Introduction
• Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities
• Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
• Importance of Coordination Compounds
• Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
• Colour in Coordination Compounds
• Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
• Bonding in Coordination Compounds - Introduction
• Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
• Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
• Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
• Stereoisomerism
• Structural Isomerism
• Importance of Coordination Compounds

Halogen Derivatives of Alkanes (And Arenes)

Halogen Derivatives

• Classification of Halogen Derivatives
• Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives
• Methods of Preparation of Alkyl Halides
• Physical Properties
• Optical Isomerism in Halogen Derivatives
• Chemical Properties
• Reaction with Active Metals
• Uses and Environmental Effects of Some Polyhalogen Compounds
• Nomenclature
• Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

• Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• Classification of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• Nomenclature
• Alcohols and Phenols
• Ethers
• Uses of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Alcohols

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

• Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Classification of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
• Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
• Physical Properties
• Polarity of Carbonyl Group
• Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
• Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
• Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions Due to α-hydrogen

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Amines

• Classification of Amines
• Nomenclature of Amines
• Preparation of Amines
• Physical Properties of Amines
• Basicity of Amines
• Chemical Properties of Amines
• Reactions of Arene Diazonium Salts
• Reaction with Arenesulfonyl Chloride
• Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution in Aromatic Amines

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Biomolecules

• Principal Molecules of the Living World
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules

Introduction to Polymer Chemistry

• Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
• Classification of Polymers
• Some Important Polymers
• Molecular Mass and Degree of Polymerization of Polymers
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Commercially Important Polymers
• Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)

Polymers

• Introduction of Polymers
• Classification of Polymers Based on Source
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation
• Some Important Polymers
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation
• Nylon 6
• Nylon 66
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber
• Biodegradable Polymers
• Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
• Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile

Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry

• Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry
• Concept of Sustainable Development
• Principles of Green Chemistry
• The Role of Green Chemistry
• Introduction to Nanochemistry
• Characteristic Features of Nanoparticles
• Synthesis of Nanomaterials
• History of Nanotechnology
• Applications of Nanomaterials
• Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology

Chemistry in Everyday Life

• Chemistry in Everyday Life