Polygon: Polygon refers to a closed 2D shape which is made up of a finite number of line segments, but the perimeter is a one-dimensional measurement.

Area of a circle: The area of a circle is the region occupied by the circle in a two-dimensional plane.

Perimeter = Sum of all side lengths

Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 × length + 2 × breadth

P = 2(1 + b) ⇒ (i) l = `P/2` − b, i.e., length = `"Perimeter"/2` − breadth

                         (ii) l = `P/2` − l, i.e., breadth = `"Perimeter"/2` − length

Perimeter of Square = Total boundary of the square

                                   = Side + Side + Side + Side

P = 4 × Side

Or: P = 4s (where 's' represents the side length)

side = ` "perimeter"/"4"`

Always include the correct linear unit (cm, m, mm, km, etc.)

Perimeter of a Triangle = 3 × length of a side.

The perimeter of a regular polygon = (length of one side) × number of sides.

The perimeter of an Irregular polygon = Sum of all sides of Irregular polygons.

Area =  Amount of space inside a flat shape

Area of square = side × side

                          = s × s

                          = s²

Area of square = (side)²

 ⇒ its side = \[\sqrt{Area}\]

Area of a rectangle = length × breadth

Written as: A = l × b

l = `A/b` i.e.,  length = `"Area"/"Breadth"`

and, b = `A/l`  i.e., breadth  = `"Area"/"Length"`

The area of each congruent part = `1/2` (The area of the rectangle)

Area of parallelogram = base x height

Area of triangle = `(1/2) × "base" × "height" = 1/2 × b × h`.

Area of the circle = πr²

The distance d between two points `(x_1,y_1)` and `(x_2,y_2)` is given by the formula

`d = sqrt((x_1 - x_2)^2 + (y_1 - y_2)^2)`

In any triangle the sum of lengths of any two sides need to be greater than the third side.

Here the three points are A(2, 3), B(-4, -6) and C`(1, 3/2)` 

Let us now find out the lengths of all the three sides of the given triangle.

`AB = sqrt((2 + 4)^2 + (3 + 6)^2)`

`= sqrt((6)^2 + (9)^2)`

`= sqrt(36 + 81)`

`AB = sqrt(117)`

`BC = sqrt((-4 -1)^2 + (-6 - 3/2)^2)`

`= sqrt((-5)^2 + ((-15)/2)^2)`

`= sqrt(25 + 225/4)`

`BC = sqrt(81.24)`

`AC = sqrt((2 - 1)^2 + (3 - 3/2)^2)`

` = sqrt((1)^2 + (3/2)^2)`

`= sqrt(1 + 9/4)`

`AC = sqrt(3.25)`

Here we see that, BC + AC not greater than AB

This is in violation of the basic property of any triangle to exist. Therefore these points cannot give rise to a triangle.

Hence we have proved that the given three points do not form a triangle.

Consider the points A (a,0), B( 0,b) and C (1,1) .

` Here (x_1=a,y_1=0).(x_2 = 0,y_2=b) and (x_3=1,y_3=1).`

It is given that the points are collinear. So,

`x_1 (y_2-y_3)+x_2(y_3-y_1) +x_3(y_1-y_2) =0`

`⇒  a(b-1)+0(1-0)+1(0-b)=0`

`⇒ ab-a-b=0`

Dividing the equation by ab:

`⇒ 1-1/b-1/a=0`

`⇒ 1-(1/a+1/b)=0`

`⇒(1/a+1/b)=1`

Therefore, the given points are collinear if  `(1/a+1/b)=1`

The distance d between two points `(x_1, y_1)` and `(x_2, y_2)` is given by the formula

`d = sqrt((x_1 - x_2)^2 + (y_1- y_2)^2)`

In a right-angled triangle, by Pythagoras theorem, the square of the longest side is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides in the triangle.

Here the three points are A(2, −2), B(−2, 1) and C(5, 2).

Let us find out the lengths of all the sides of the triangle.

`AB = sqrt((2 + 2)^2 + (-2-1)^2)`

`= sqrt((4)^2 + (-3)^2)`

`= sqrt(16 + 9)`

`AB = sqrt25`

`BC = sqrt((-2-5)^2 + (1 - 2)^2)`

`= sqrt((-3)^2 + (-4)^2)`

`= sqrt(9 + 16)`

`AC = sqrt(25)`

Here we have

`BC^2 = AB^2 + AC^2`

50 = 25 + 25

Since the square of the longest side is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides the given triangle is a right-angled triangle.

In a right-angled triangle, the area of the triangle ‘A’ is given by,

A = `1/2` (Product of both the sides containing the right angle)

In a right-angled triangle, the sides containing the right angle will not be the longest side.

Hence the area of the given right-angled triangle is,

`A = ((sqrt(25))(sqrt(25)))/2`

= `25/5`

A = 12.5

Hence the area of the given right-angled triangle is 12.5 square units.

In a right-angled triangle, the hypotenuse will be the longest side. Here the longest side is 'BC'.

Hence the hypotenuse of the given right-angled triangle is `5sqrt2` units.

GIVEN: If `a≠ b≠ c`

TO PROVE: that the points (a, a²), (b, b²), (c, c²), can never be collinear.

PROOF:

We know three points (x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂) and (x₃, y₃) are collinear when 

`1/2[x_1(y_2-y_3)+x_2(y_3-y_1)+x_3(y_1-y_2)]=0` 

Now taking three point (a, a²), (b, b²), (c, c²), 

Area `=1/2[a(b^2-c^2)+b(c^2-a^2)+c(a^2-b^2)` 

`=1/2[ab^2-ac^2+bc^2+ba^2+ca^2+cb^2]` 

`=1/2[(a^2c-a^2b)+(ab2-ac^2)+(bc2-b^2c)]` 

`=1/2[-a^2(b-c))+(a(b^2-c^2))-(bc(b-c))]`

`=1/2[(b-c)(-a^2)+(a(b+c))-bc]` 

`=1/2[(b-c)(-a^2)+ab+ac-bc]` 

`=1/2[(b-c)(-a)(a-b)+c(a-b)]` 

`=1/2(b-c)(a-b)(c-a)`

Also it is given that

a ≠ b ≠ c

Hence area of triangle made by these points is never zero. Hence given points are never collinear.

The given points are A (7, 10), B(-2, 5) and C(3, -4).

`AB= sqrt((-2-7)^2 +(5-10)^2) = sqrt((-9)^2 +(-5)^2) = sqrt((81+25)) = sqrt(106)`

`BC = sqrt((3-(-2))^2 +(-4-5)^2) = sqrt((5)^2 +(-9)^2 )= sqrt((25+81) )= sqrt(106)`

`AC = sqrt((3-7)^2 +(-4-10)^2) = sqrt(( -4)^2 +(-14)^2) = sqrt(16+196) = sqrt(212)`

Since, AB and BC are equal, they form the vertices of an isosceles triangle

Also,`(AB)^2 + (BC)^2 = ( sqrt(106))^2 +( sqrt(106)^2) = 212`

and `(AC)^2 = (sqrt(212))^2 = 212.

`Thus , (AB)^2 + (BC)^2 = (AC)^2`

This show that  ΔABC is right- angled at B. Therefore, the pointsA (7, 10), B(-2, 5) and C(3, -4). are the vertices of an isosceles rightangled triangle.

The given points are A(2, 4), B(2, 6) and C(2 +`sqrt(3)`,5) Now 

`AB =sqrt(((2-2)^2 +(4-6)^2 )) = sqrt((0)^2 +(-2)^2)`

    `= sqrt((0+4) =2`

`BC = sqrt((2-2- sqrt(3))^2 + (6-5)^2 ) = sqrt((- sqrt(3))^2 +(1)^2)`

`= sqrt(3+1) = 2`

`AC = sqrt((2-2-sqrt(3))^2 + (4-5)^2 ) = sqrt((- sqrt(3))^2 +(-1)^2)`

`= sqrt(3+1) =2`

Hence, the points A(2, 4), B(2, 6) and C(2 +`sqrt(3)`,5) are the vertices of an equilateral triangle

The vertices of the triangle are A(7, -3), B(5,3) and C(3,-1)

`"Coordinates of" D = ((5+3)/2,(3-1)/2) = (4,1)`

For the area of the triangle ADC, let

`A (x_1,y_1)=A(7,-3), D(x_2,y_2) =D(4,1) and C (x_3,y_3) = C(3,-1)`. Then

`"Area of"  Δ ADC = 1/2 [ x_1(y_2-y_3)+x_2(y_3-y_1)+x_3(y_1-y_2)]`

`=1/2 [7(1+1)+4(-1+3)+3(-3-1)]`

`=1/2[14+8-12}=5` sq. unit

Now, for the area of triangle ABD, let

`A(x_1,y_1) = A(7,-3), B(x_2,y_2) = B(5,3) and D (x_3,y_3) = D (4,1). `Then

`"Area of"  Δ ADC = 1/2 [ x_1(y_2-y_3)+x_2(y_3-y_1)+x_3(y_1-y_2)]`

`=1/2 [7(3-1)+5(1+3)+4(-3-3)]`

`=1/2[14+20-24] = 5` sq. unit 

Thus, Area (ΔADC)  = Area (ΔABD) = 5. sq units

Hence, AD divides  ΔABC into two triangles of equal areas.

When three circles touch each other, their centres form an equilateral triangle, with each side being 2a.

Area of the triangle`=sqrt(3)/4xx2"a"xx2"a" = sqrt(3)"a"^2`

Total area of the three sectors of circles `=3xx60/360xx22/7xx"a"^2 = 1/2xx22/7 "a"^2 = 11/7"a" ^2`

Area of the region between the circles = Area of the triangle - Area of three sectors

`=(sqrt(3)-11/7)"a"^2`

= (1.73 - 1.57)a²

= 0.16 a²

=  0.16 a²

`=4/25"a"^2 `