Revision: Indian Struggle Against Colonialism History HSC Arts (English Medium) 12th Standard Board Exam Maharashtra State Board

Key Points: Indian National Army (INA)

1942 Conferences:

Key Points: Armed Revolutionaries in India

Revolutionary/Group	Region	Major Action	Organisation	Result
Ram Singh Kuka/Vasudev Balwant Phadke	Punjab/Maharashtra	Revolt against British	—	Early armed resistance
Savarkar Brothers	Maharashtra	Formation of secret society	Abhinav Bharat	Savarkar imprisoned
Anusheelan Samiti	Bengal	Assassination attempt on Kingsford	Revolutionary group	Khudiram Bose executed
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association	North India	Saunders assassination; Assembly bomb case	HSRA	Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev hanged
Gadar Party	America and Canada	Revolutionary propaganda	Gadar organisation	Inspired patriotic uprising

Key Points: Mahatma Gandhi – Non-Violent Resistance Movement

Movement/Event	Year	Place	Method Used	Result/Impact
Champaran Satyagraha	1917	Bihar	Satyagraha against indigo cultivation	Farmers relieved from exploitation
Rowlatt Act Protest	1919	All India	Hartal and mass protest	Nationwide agitation
Jallianwala Bagh Incident	1919	Amritsar	Peaceful gathering fired upon	National outrage; Tagore returned title
Non-Cooperation Movement	1920	All India	Boycott of schools, courts, goods; Swadeshi	Massive public participation
Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha)	1930	Sabarmati to Dandi	Civil disobedience; broke salt law	Strengthened freedom movement

Key Points: Azad Hind Sena (Indian National Army)

Aspect	Details	Leader	Place	Result/Impact
Formation	Indian soldiers captured by Japan formed army	Rashbihari Bose	Southeast Asia	Beginning of INA
Reorganisation	Leadership taken over	Subhash Chandra Bose	—	Stronger national movement
Provisional Government	‘Azad Hind Sarkar’ established (1943)	Subhash Chandra Bose	Singapore	Declared war against British
Andaman and Nicobar	Renamed as ‘Shaheed’ and ‘Swaraj’ Islands	Netaji	Andaman and Nicobar	Symbol of independence
Military Campaign	Advanced towards Assam; captured Arakan	INA soldiers	Eastern border of India	Could not capture Imphal

Key Points: Quit India Movement (1942)

Aspect	Details	Leaders	Action Taken	Result/Impact
Resolution	Wardha resolution demanding British to quit India	Maulana Azad (President), Jawaharlal Nehru	Resolution passed on 8 Aug 1942	Start of Quit India Movement
Gandhi’s Call	“Do or Die” mantra	Mahatma Gandhi	Mass non-violent movement	Nationwide awakening
British Response	Immediate arrests of leaders	Gandhi, Nehru, Patel	Ban on gatherings and sealing Congress offices	Movement went underground
Public Participation	Youth and common people joined	Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Aruna Asaf Ali	Strikes, protests, parallel governments	Strong resistance across India
Impact	Weakening of British rule	Revolutionary groups and public	Uprisings in many regions	Foundation of British rule shaken

Key Points: Struggle before 1857

Region/Community	Leader	Year/Period	Nature of Revolt	Result
Bhils (Khandesh)	Godaji and Mahipaji	1818–1822	Armed revolt against British	Revolt suppressed
Ramoshi (Satara)	Umaji Naik	1824–1832	Guerrilla attacks and treasury seizure	Umaji Naik executed
Paiks (Odisha)	Bakshi Jagbandhu	1817	Revolt against land and salt policies	Revolt crushed
Nanded Region	Honsaji Naik	Early 19th century	Refusal to merge with Nizam	Defeated by British
Kolhapur (Gadkaris)	Local chiefs	1844	Resistance against British control	Rebellion ended

Key Points: Freedom Struggle of 1857

Aspect	Cause/Leader	Nature of Event	Major Centres	Result/Impact
Military Cause	Enfield rifle cartridges (Mangal Pandey)	Sepoy revolt	Barrackpore, Meerut	Beginning of uprising
Political Cause	Doctrine of Lapse (Dalhousie)	Annexation of states	Jhansi, Satara, Nagpur	Discontent among rulers
Economic Cause	New revenue systems	Exploitation of peasants	Awadh, North India	Farmer unrest
Major Leaders	Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmibai, Tatya Tope	Armed struggle	Kanpur, Jhansi, Gwalior	Fierce resistance
Outcome	Bahadur Shah Zafar declared emperor	British suppression	Delhi recaptured (1857)	End of Company rule; Crown rule began

Key Points: Background of Founding the Indian National Congress

Organisation	Founder/Leader	Year	Objective	Contribution
Land Holders’ Association	Dwarkanath Tagore	1837	Safeguard interests of landlords	Beginning of political awareness
British India Society	William Adams	1839	Inform British about Indian conditions	Political communication with Britain
East India Association	Dadabhai Naoroji	1866	Create awareness about Indian issues	Spread nationalist ideas in England
Indian Association	Surendranath Banerjee	1876	Unite Indians of all regions and castes	Organised national conferences
Bombay Presidency Association	Telang and Pherozeshah Mehta	1885	Political reforms and representation	Strengthened national movement

Key Points: Extremists

Aspect	Details	Leaders	Method	Outcome
Priority	Independence first	Lokmanya Tilak	Mass movement	Strong nationalism
View on British	British won’t respond to requests	—	Agitation and pressure	Direct confrontation
Swadeshi and Boycott	Strongly supported	Tilak, Lajpat Rai	Public mobilization	Popular support
Partition of Bengal	Opposed British policy	Extremist leaders	Active resistance	Leaders arrested
Aftermath	Tilak jailed (Mandalay)	—	Continued struggle	Reunion at Lucknow

Key Points: Founding of the Indian National Congress

Aspect	Details	Persons Mentioned	Resolutions/Demands	Significance
First Session	28 December 1885, Mumbai (Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College)	Vyomeshchandra Banerjee (President)	Nine resolutions passed	Beginning of national political organisation
Attendance	72 delegates from various parts of India	Pherozeshah Mehta, Dadabhai Naoroji, Rahimtulla Sayani, K.T. Telang, G.K. Gokhale	Participation from all regions	All-India character
Founder Role	Initiative taken by Allan Octavian Hume	A.O. Hume (British officer)	Formation of Congress	Organised political platform
Political Demands	Inquiry into British administration	—	Elected representatives in legislative councils	Demand for representation
Administrative Reforms	Indianisation of services	—	Civil service exams in India, reduction of military expenses, funds for higher and technical education	Constitutional reform approach

Key Points: Moderates

Aspect	Details	Leaders	Method	Outcome
Priority	Social reforms important	Gopal Krishna Gokhale	Constitutional approach	Gradual reform
View on British	Believed British sense of justice	Pherozeshah Mehta	Petitions and prayers	Limited concessions
Political Demand	Representation in councils	Congress leaders	Resolutions	Political awareness
Swadeshi Issue	Avoided extreme agitation	Moderate group	Peaceful methods	Conflict with Extremists
Surat Split (1907)	Tension with Extremists	—	Session dispute	Congress divided