Revision: Diversity in Living Organisms / Eco Systems >> Five Kingdom Classification Biology (English Medium) ICSE Class 9 CISCE

Thallus refers to a plant body that is not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves. Example: Algae.

A large opening through which water exits the body of a sponge is called an osculum.

Small pores through which water enters the body of a sponge are called ostia.

Special types of cells present in sponges that help in generating water current and food collection are called collar cells.

Coelom: Coelom is the internal body cavity between visceral organs and body wall in which well-developed organs can be accommodated. In some animals pseudocoelom is present (e.g. nematodes) which is a body cavity not lined by mesoderm. True coelom is lined by mesoderm and first appears in annelids. Examples of animals in which true coelom is present are Earthworm, cockroach, snail, all chordates such as birds, humans, etc.

A cylindrical body form in coelenterates, such as Hydra, which is usually attached to a surface, is called a Polyp.

An umbrella-shaped body form in coelenterates, such as Aurelia (jellyfish), is called a Medusa.

Nomenclature is the system of assignment of names to organic compounds.

The theoretical study of classification which includes its basic principles, procedures and rules.

• Habitat: Aquatic animals, mostly marine and few freshwater species
• Body Symmetry: Mostly asymmetrical
• Special Features: Presence of pores (ostia and oscula), collar cells, and sedentary (non-motile) nature
• Body Support: Supported by spicules or spongin fibres made of calcium carbonate or silica
• Reproduction: Asexual (by budding) and sexual methods; good regeneration ability
• Examples: Sycon, Euspongia (Bath sponge), Hyalonema, Euplectella

• Body Shape: Cylindrical (Polyp) or umbrella-like (Medusa)
• Habitat: Mostly marine; few are freshwater dwellers
• Body Structure: Radially symmetrical and diploblastic
• Special Feature: Tentacles with cnidoblasts used for capturing prey and injecting toxins
• Examples: Hydra, Adamsia (Sea anemone), Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Aurelia (Jellyfish), Corals

• Body Shape: Slender, flat like a leaf or strip (called flatworms)
• Habitat: Mostly endoparasitic; few are free-living and aquatic
• Body Structure: Acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical, and triploblastic
• Reproduction: Hermaphrodite – both male and female systems in one body
• Examples: Planaria, Liver fluke, Tapeworm

• Body Structure: Long, cylindrical, metamerically segmented
• Habitat: Mostly free-living (marine, freshwater, or terrestrial); some are ectoparasites
• Body Type: Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, and eucoelomate
• Locomotion: Movement with setae, parapodia, or suckers
• Reproduction: Hermaphrodite or unisexual
• Examples: Earthworm, Leech, Nereis

• Body Structure: Segmented, triploblastic, eucoelomate, and bilaterally symmetrical
• Appendages: Jointed appendages with a chitinous exoskeleton
• Habitat: Found in all types of environments – aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial
• Reproduction: Unisexual
• Examples: Crab, spider, cockroach, butterfly, honey bee

• Body Structure: Soft, non-segmented, triploblastic, eucoelomate body
• Symmetry: Bilateral (except in some, like snail)
• Body Division: Head, foot, and visceral mass covered by a mantle
• Shell: Hard, calcareous shell (may be external, internal, or absent)
• Reproduction: Unisexual
• Examples: Bivalve, Snail, Octopus

• Body Structure: Triploblastic, eucoelomate, radially symmetrical in adults and bilaterally symmetrical in larvae
• Habitat: Exclusively marine
• Locomotion: Tube feet are used for movement and capturing prey; some are sedentary
• Skeleton: Made of calcareous spines and ossicles
• Reproduction: Mostly unisexual
• Examples: Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber, brittle star

• Notochord: Replaced by vertebral column
• Head: Well developed
• Brain Protection: Enclosed in a cranium
• Endoskeleton: Cartilaginous or bony
• Jaw Type: Some are jawless (Agnatha), others have jaws (Gnathostomata)

• The IUPAC system provides a unique, systematic way to name carbon compounds based on structure, replacing confusing common names.
• An IUPAC name has three parts: prefix, parent, and suffix, reflecting the carbon chain and functional group.
• The parent name is based on the longest carbon chain, and its ending changes to –ane, –ene, or –yne depending on the number of bonds.
• Functional groups are shown as prefixes or suffixes, and the chain is numbered to give them the lowest possible number.
• If the suffix begins with a vowel, the final ‘e’ in the parent alkane name is dropped (e.g., propane → propanone).